Table 4 Prevalence of materanl home deliveries among women aged 15–49 by background characteristics, 1992–2018 DHS, Zambia
From: Trends, spatial distribution and determinants of maternal home deliveries in Zambia
Background Characteristics | 1992 DHS | 1996 DHS | 2001/2 DHS | 2007 DHS | 2013/14 DHS | 2018 DHS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 6230 %(Freq) | N = 7136 %(Freq) | N = 6594 %(Freq) | N = 6394 %(Freq) | N = 13,211 %(Freq) | N = 9731 %(Freq) | |
Age | Â | Â | ** | *** | *** | *** |
15–24 | 49.74(1168) | 51.59(1445) | 54.82(1381) | 46.99(950) | 26.61(1089) | 11.77(396) |
25–34 | 46.46(739) | 51.51(898) | 52.26(914) | 51.05(926) | 30.59(1046) | 15.27(356) |
35–49 | 50.10(1150) | 56.34(14559) | 60.23(1405) | 56.62(1148) | 36.00(2050) | 18.08(728) |
Marital status | *** | * | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Single | 31.44(108) | 42.87(153) | 35.79(140) | 30.76(118) | 6.52(163) | 7.33(80.18) |
Married | 49.93(2643) | 54.17(3210) | 57.43(3155) | 53.84(2925) | 32.71(3556) | 15.90(1205) |
Widowed/Seperated/Divorced | 51(306) | 51.49(437) | 56.51(406) | 48.80(282) | 34.62(467) | 18.58(196) |
Education status | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
No education | 77.33(821) | 75.89(743) | 82.44(801) | 74.50(639) | 48.69(713) | 32.26(315) |
Primary | 51.59(2025) | 59.12(2711) | 61.60(2589) | 56.83(2315) | 38.77(2867) | 18.33(905) |
Secondary | 18.05(206) | 23.66(339) | 23.20(307) | 28.24(369) | 15.23(590) | 7.52(258) |
Higher | 4.28(4) | 5.98(8) | 2.86(3) | 0.83(1) | 2.25(10) | 0.86(3.37) |
Wealth status** | Â | Â | Â | *** | *** | *** |
Poor | Â | Â | Â | 70.84(2085) | 45.59(2824) | 22.65(1032) |
Middle | Â | Â | Â | 62.06(835) | 33.68(912) | 13.92(198) |
Rich | Â | Â | Â | 19.19(404) | 10.45(450) | 5.89(198) |
Sex of household head | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | *** |
Male | 49.26(2759) | 53.38(3189) | 56.16(3127 | 52.24(2784) | 31.73(3383) | 14.98(1164) |
Female | 47.03(297) | 52.86(614)) | 55.52(573) | 50.79(540) | 31.51(803) | 16.19(317) |
Access to media ** | Â | Â | Â | *** | *** | *** |
No | Â | Â | Â | 57.48(2025) | 36.43(2615) | 17.78(1051) |
Yes | Â | Â | Â | 45.27(1300) | 26.05(1572) | 11.26(430) |
Religious denomination | *** | * | *** | * | *** | *** |
Catholic | 45.59(792) | 50.84(863) | 55.72(836) | 50.86(617) | 27.55(597) | 14.49(225) |
Protestants | 49.51(2133) | 53.86(2855) | 55.58(2760) | 51.88(2618) | 32.45(3522) | 15.39(1233) |
Muslims | 76.71(127) | 33.17(8) | 40.31(4) | 39.36(13) | 6.27(3.21) | 15.72(8) |
Other | 76.71(123) | 76.06(67) | 84.65(97) | 75.90(67) | 48.82(51) | 13.53(15) |
Parity | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
1 child | 40.08(351) | 42.95(410) | 41.26(389) | 30.89(239) | 13.92(259) | 6.00(100) |
2 to 4 children | 49.34(1393) | 50.13(1752) | 54.96(1809) | 49.97(1617) | 28.13(1819) | 13.77(673) |
5 or more children | 51.79(1313) | 61.08(1641) | 63.48(1502) | 61.59(1468) | 43.18(2108) | 23.05(699) |
ANC vist | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
No | 97.48(380) | 96.04(252) | 92.54(166) | 96.02(85) | 86.22*109) | 78.27(61) |
Yes | 45(2607) | 52.06(3493) | 52.11(2134) | 48.35(1922) | 26.59(2395) | 12.45(884) |
Employment status | *** | Â | *** | Â | *** | Â |
Not working | 48.87(1388) | 51.62(1823) | 48.86(1298) | 50.92(1623) | 28.22(1666) | 15.44(792) |
Working | 49.13(1667) | 54.97(1977) | 60.88(2398) | 53.04(1697) | 34.54(2506) | 14.98(689) |
Selected community factors | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Place of residence | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Urban | 20.94(609) | 22.96(653) | 20.72(423) | 15.82(296) | 10.68(487) | 6.41(223) |
Rural | 73.57(2445) | 73.41(3150) | 71.89(3277) | 66.66(3028) | 42.74(3700) | 20.12(1250) |
Region | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Central | 61.08(366) | 62.87(368) | 66.25(332) | 66.71(418) | 50.95(651) | 27.02(228) |
Copperbelt | 20.00(288) | 24.40(326) | 27.46(289) | 23.64(206) | 17.21(296) | 8.69(104) |
Eastern | 62.43(407) | 66.43(728) | 68.43(602) | 54.75(553) | 27.79(472( | 7.54(97.) |
Luapula | 63.60(267) | 72.30(485) | 70.81(441) | 64.42(371) | 31.22(368) | 11.44(108) |
Lusaka | 23.50(221) | 25.85(277) | 24.65(198) | 21.64(159) | 9.75(190) | 8.66(132) |
Muchinga | Â | Â | Â | Â | 38.45(309) | 22.50(134) |
Northern | 81.00(533) | 75.70(653) | 72.28(724) | 68.79(713) | 51.82(656) | 27.38(242) |
North-westen | 45.57(78) | 43.42(125) | 52.77(724) | 57.84(231) | 24.71(164) | 11.77(62.20) |
Southern | 66.08(669) | 72.31(553) | 67.52(510) | 62.27(424) | 42.40((758) | 16.95(219) |
Western | 67.16(226) | 62.67(288) | 66.40(416) | 54.42(249) | 37.57(319) | 24.70(154) |
Community education | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Low | 7.77(16) | 7.97(21) | 6.37(21) | 9.44(39) | 4.18(71) | 4.33(76) |
Medium | 22(503) | 30.12(778) | 29.81(641) | 33.93(758) | 27.07(1751) | 14.26(681) |
High | 67(2537) | 70.03(3003) | 73.72(3038) | 67.45(2528) | 46.88(2363) | 22.60(724) |
Community media access** | Â | Â | Â | *** | *** | *** |
Low | Â | Â | Â | 21.77(117) | 14.86(227) | *** |
Medium | Â | Â | Â | 52.67(2419) | 30.41(2693) | 7.23(38.34) |
high | Â | Â | Â | 62.47(788) | 44.74(1267) | 20.57(658) |
Community employment status | *** | * | *** | ** | *** | *** |
low | 78.78(335) | 68.32(187) | 78.26(1050) | 67.05(164) | 52.00(685) | 19.40(43.24) |
Medium | 42.86(880) | 58.08(1309) | 1115(57.71) | 59.11(1120) | 32.71(1420) | 14.00(339) |
high | 49.05(1842) | 50.06(3803) | 46.14(1535) | 47.96(2040) | 27.56(2081) | 15.51(1099) |