Table 1 The baseline of characteristics of all included studies
Author, Year | n | Age (years) | BMI(Kg/m2) | Gestational Age (weeks) | Birth Weight(g) | Pre-pregnancy BMI (Kg/m2) | Weight gain during Pregnancy (Kg) | Study Quality | Diagnostic Criteria | Test Method |
Azulay Chertok 2020 [18] | GDM 13NGT 120 | 31.50±3.4130.50±4.49 | 31.10±6.1127.90±7.08 | 39.10±1.1539.40±1.20 | 3400.00±440.003600.00±450.00 | NA | NA | High | NA | NMR |
Camille Dugas 2023 [19] | GDM 24NGT 29 | 33.50±3.6030.00±3.10 | 30.90±7.7026.80±6.80 | 38.60±1.0039.40±1.10 | 3380.00±340.003340.00±390.00 | NA | NA | High | OGCT | Chemical Analysis Method |
Sabriye Korkut 2022 [20] | GDM 31NGT 61 | 32.00±6.3027.50±5.30 | 31.30±6.4027.00±4.10 | NA | 3289.00±649.803126.10±531.00 | NA | NA | High | 75g OGTT | MIRIS HMA |
Dana Shapira 2019 [21] | GDM 31NGT 31 | 34.32±4.0233.40±4.08 | NA | 38.70±0.9039.40±0.88 | 3261.00±405.103208.70±386.50 | 24.70±5.8022.50±3.81 | 10.51±6.2111.55±4.65 | High | OGCT | MIRIS HMA |
Kalliopi Dritsakou 2016 [22] | GDM 27NGT 183 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | Moderate | NA | MIRIS HMA |
Yacong Cheng 2024 [23] | GDM 52NGT 92 | 29.77±5.3929.26±5.34 | 27.09±3.0927.09±3.21 | NA | NA | NA | 15.86±3.1416.30±3.08 | High | 75g OGTT | MR-9030 HMA |
Hui Ye 2021 [24] | GDM 45NGT 90 | 29.10±4.7027.60±4.10 | 26.70±3.8026.40±2.80 | NA | NA | 21.70±3.6020.70±2.40 | 12.70±4.6014.30±4.00 | High | 75g OGTT | MIRIS HMA |
Song Lin 2020 [25] | GDM 66NGT 112 | 30.10±4.0029.00±3.90 | 26.50±4.9026.70±3.30 | NA | NA | 21.70±3.4020.80±4.10 | NA | High | 75g OGTT | MIRIS HMA |
Azulay Chertok 2017 | GDM 19NGT 31 | GDM there years older than NGT | NA | NA | 24.1027.30 | NA | High | 75g OGTT | Chemical Analysis Method | |
Author, Year | n | Colostrum | Mature milk | |||||||
Carbohydrates(g/100mL) | Protein(g/100mL) | Lipids(g/100mL) | Energy(kcal/100mL) | Carbohydrates(g/100mL) | Protein(g/100mL) | Lipids(g/100mL) | Energy(kcal/100mL) | |||
Azulay Chertok 2020 [18] | GDM 13NGT 120 | 3.15±1.654.16±1.27 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Camille Dugas 2023 [19] | GDM 24NGT 29 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 11.50±1.5012.20±1.90 | 1.30±0.301.20±0.20 | 6.30±2.00 5.30±1.20 | 108.00±18.00101.00±13.00 | |
Sabriye Korkut 2022 [20] | GDM 31NGT 61 | 5.70±1.604.60±1.50 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |
Dana Shapira 2019 [21] | GDM 31NGT 31 | 4.40±1.70 5.10±1.60 | 3.30±1.80 3.20±2.40 | 2.50±1.50 2.90±1.70 | 56.30±19.00 61.10±21.10 | 6.20±1.50 6.30±1.40 | 1.40±0.50 1.50±0.40 | 4.10±1.50 4.80±1.90 | 68.70±13.10 76.90±14.80 | |
Kalliopi Dritsakou 2016 [22] | GDM 27NGT 183 | 6.10±0.606.10±1.00 | 2.40±1.303.00±1.70 | 2.70±1.002.60±1.00 | 64.90±8.0057.80±7.90 | 6.80±0.50 6.90±0.60 | 1.60±0.702.00±0.90 | 3.00±0.802.90±1.20 | 61.50±7.5056.30±8.40 | |
Yacong Cheng 2024 [23] | GDM 52NGT 92 | 7.32±0.627.55±0.36 | 1.01±0.100.97±0.093 | NA | 60.08±0.6260.15±10.87 | 6.65±0.586.62±0.23 | 0.96±0.020.95±0.02 | 4.23±0.284.00±0.57 | 68.28±3.6066.39±5.88 | |
Hui Ye 2021 [24] | GDM 45NGT 90 | 6.30±1.306.60±1.00 | 2.60±1.602.50±1.30 | 1.70±0.701.70±0.80 | 52.90±8.6053.30±9.50 | 7.70±0.807.70±0.70 | 1.30±0.801.30±0.40 | 3.40±1.203.00±1.30 | 67.90±10.9063.90±10.30 | |
Song Lin 2020 [25] | GDM 66NGT 112 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 8.45±0.318.14±0.62 | 1.24±0.211.24±0.21 | 3.19±1.133.30±1.55 | 68.50±10.0968.50±14.00 | |
Azulay Chertok 2017 | GDM 19NGT 31 | 4.87±1.706.05±1.33 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | |