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Table 2 Subgroup analysis for the human milk composition in pregnant woman with GDM and control during pregnancy (GDM vs. NGT)

From: Human milk composition in women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Carbohydrates in Colostrum

Subgroup

Study Count（n）

Sample Size（n）

MD [95% CI]

P

χ2

Heterogeneity Test

I² (%)

P

Combined Results

7

826

-0.24 [-0.59, 0.12]

0.190

25.43

76

＜0.001

BMI

       

＜28Kg/m²

2

279

-0.24 [-0.41, -0.07]

0.005

0.09

0

0.77

≥28Kg/m²

4

497

0.01 [-0.22, 0.24]

0.930

17.49

1

＜0.001

Not Mentioned

1

50

-1.18 [-2.08, -0.28]

0.010

-

-

-

Diagnostic criteria

       

75g OGTT

4

421

-0.20 [-0.36, -0.03]

0.020

19.04

1

＜0.001

OGCT

1

62

-0.70 [-1.52, 0.12]

0.100

-

-

-

Not Mentioned

2

343

-0.08 [-0.34, 0.18]

0.550

4.22

76

0.04

Test method

       

MIRIS HMA

4

499

-0.01 [-0.22, 0.20]

0.920

14.75

80

0.002

Others

3

327

-0.30 [-0.47, -0.12]

0.001

6.52

69

0.04

Study quality

       

High

6

616

-0.24 [-0.39, -0.08]

0.003

23.2

78

＜0.001

Moderate

1

210

0.00 [-0.27, 0.27]

1.000

-

-

-

Energy in Colostrum

Subgroup

Study Count（n）

Sample Size（n）

MD [95% CI]

P

χ2

Heterogeneity Test

I² (%)

P

Combined Results

4

551

1.33 [-2.88, 5.53]

0.54

16.36

8200

0.001

BMI

       

＜28Kg/m²

2

279

-0.18 [-2.00, 1.65]

0.85

0.03

0

0.87

≥28Kg/m²

2

272

5.98 [2.91, 9.05]

＜0.001

4.93

80

0.03

Not Mentioned

       

Diagnostic criteria

       

75g OGTT

2

279

-0.18 [-2.00, 1.65]

0.85

0.03

0

0.87

OGCT

1

62

-4.80 [-14.80, 5.20]

0.35

-

-

-

Not Mentioned

1

210

7.10 [3.87, 10.33]

＜0.001

-

-

-

Test method

       

MIRIS HMA

3

407

2.91 [0.70, 5.12]

0.01

12.9

84

0.002

Others

1

144

-0.07 [-2.30, 2.16]

0.95

-

-

-

Study quality

       

High

3

341

-0.33 [-2.12, 1.47]

0.72

0.82

0

0.66

Moderate

1

210

7.10 [3.87, 10.33]

＜0.001

-

-

-

Carbohydrates in Mature milk

Subgroup

Study Count（n）

Sample Size（n）

MD [95% CI]

P

χ2

Heterogeneity Test

I² (%)

P

Combined Results

6

782

0.03 [-0.16, 0.23]

0.75

16.97

71

0.005

BMI

       

＜28Kg/m²

3

457

0.17 [0.07, 0.27]

＜0.001

8.26

76

0.020

≥28Kg/m²

3

325

-0.13 [-0.32, 0.07]

0.2

1.57

0

0.460

Not Mentioned

       

Diagnostic criteria

       

75g OGTT

3

457

0.17 [0.07, 0.27]

＜0.001

8.26

76

0.020

OGCT

2

115

-0.33 [-0.90, 0.24]

0.25

1.02

2

0.310

Not Mentioned

1

210

-0.10 [-0.31, 0.11]

0.35

-

-

-

Test method

       

MIRIS HMA

4

585

0.15 [0.05, 0.26]

0.004

12.41

76

0.006

Others

2

197

0.01 [-0.15, 0.17]

0.93

2.37

58

0.120

Study quality

       

High

5

572

0.16 [0.06, 0.25]

0.002

12.18

67

0.020

Moderate

1

210

-0.10 [-0.31, 0.11]

0.35

-

-

-

Energy in Colostrum

Subgroup

Study Count（n）

Sample Size（n）

MD [95% CI]

P

χ2

Heterogeneity Test

I² (%)

P

Combined Results

4

551

1.33 [-2.88, 5.53]

0.54

16.36

8200

0.001

BMI

       

＜28Kg/m²

2

279

-0.18 [-2.00, 1.65]

0.85

0.03

0

0.87

≥28Kg/m²

2

272

5.98 [2.91, 9.05]

＜0.001

4.93

80

0.03

Not Mentioned

       

Diagnostic criteria

       

75g OGTT

2

279

-0.18 [-2.00, 1.65]

0.85

0.03

0

0.87

OGCT

1

62

-4.80 [-14.80, 5.20]

0.35

-

-

-

Not Mentioned

1

210

7.10 [3.87, 10.33]

＜0.001

-

-

-

Test method

       

MIRIS HMA

3

407

2.91 [0.70, 5.12]

0.01

12.9

84

0.002

Others

1

144

-0.07 [-2.30, 2.16]

0.95

-

-

-

Study quality

       

High

3

341

-0.33 [-2.12, 1.47]

0.72

0.82

0

0.66

Moderate

1

210

7.10 [3.87, 10.33]

＜0.001

-

-

-

Lipids in Mature milk

Subgroup

Study Count（n）

Sample Size

（n）

MD [95% CI]

P

χ2

Heterogeneity Test

I² (%)

P

Combined Results

6

782

0.19 [0.08, 0.31]

0.001

10.87

54

0.050

BMI

       

＜28Kg/m²

3

457

0.21 [0.08, 0.34]

0.001

3.3

39

0.190

≥28Kg/m²

3

325

0.10 [-0.21, 0.40]

0.53

7.13

72

0.030

Not Mentioned

       

Diagnostic criteria

       

75g OGTT

3

457

0.21 [0.08, 0.34]

0.001

3.3

39

0.190

OGCT

2

115

0.09 [-0.53, 0.72]

0.77

7.13

86

0.008

Not Mentioned

1

210

0.10 [-0.25, 0.45]

0.57

-

-

-

Test method

       

MIRIS HMA

4

585

0.06 [-0.16, 0.27]

0.61

6.09

51

0.110

Others

2

197

0.25 [0.11, 0.39]

＜0.001

2.68

63

0.100

Study quality

       

High

5

572

0.20 [0.08, 0.33]

0.001

10.56

62

0.030

Moderate

1

210

0.10 [-0.25, 0.45]

0.57

-

-

-

Energy in Mature milk

Subgroup

Study Count（n）

Sample Size（n）

MD [95% CI]

P

χ2

Heterogeneity Test

I² (%)

P

Combined Results

6

782

1.98 [-0.71, 4.66]

0.15

15.89

69

0.007

BMI

       

＜28Kg/m²

3

457

1.88 [0.55, 3.21]

0.006

2.25

11

0.320

≥28Kg/m²

3

325

3.39 [0.71, 6.07]

0.01

12.66

84

0.002

Not Mentioned

       

Diagnostic criteria

       

75g OGTT

3

457

1.88 [0.55, 3.21]

0.006

2.25

11

0.320

OGCT

2

115

-2.20 [-7.61, 3.21]

0.43

7.24

86

0.007

Not Mentioned

1

210

5.20 [2.12, 8.28]

＜0.001

-

-

-

Test method

       

MIRIS HMA

4

585

2.38 [0.47, 4.30]

0.01

14.51

79

0.002

Others

2

197

2.05 [0.53, 3.58]

0.008

1.31

24

0.25

Study quality

       

High

5

572

1.65 [0.35, 2.94]

0.01

11.55

65

0.020

Moderate

1

210

5.20 [2.12, 8.28]

＜0.001

-

-

-

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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

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