Effects of M-DEPTH model of depression care on maternal depression, functioning, and HIV care adherence, and infant developmental over eighteen months post-partum: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial

Wagner, Glenn J.; Ghosh-Dastidar, Bonnie; Gwokyalya, Violet; Faherty, Laura J.; Beyeza-Kashesya, Jolly; Nakku, Juliet; Nabitaka, Linda Kisaakye; Akena, Dickens; Nakigudde, Janet; Ngo, Victoria; McBain, Ryan; Lukwata, Hafsa; Kyohangirwe, Leticia; Mukasa, Barbara; Wanyenze, Rhoda K.

doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07443-0

Table 5 Linear mixed effects models to evaluate the effects of the M-DEPTH intervention, and change in depression, on measures of child development over 18 months of post-partum follow-up

From: Effects of M-DEPTH model of depression care on maternal depression, functioning, and HIV care adherence, and infant developmental over eighteen months post-partum: results from a cluster randomized controlled trial

	Communication	Gross motor functioning	Fine motor functioning	Problem solving	Personal social functioning	Total functioning
Effect of intervention
Joint significance tests	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p
Time	166.3 (3,998); < 0.0001	39.3 (3,998); <0.0001	55.7 (3,998); <0.0001	200.8 (3,998); <0.0001	99.7 (3,998); <0.0001	109.8 (3,998); <0.0001
Time X intervention	0.24 (4,998); 0.91	3.3 (4,998); 0.01	2.2 (4,998); 0.07	2.9 (4,998); 0.02	0.3 (4,998); 0.89	0.7 (4,998); 0.60
Interaction effects	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p
Intervention X Month 2	0.54 (1.40); 0.70	2.64 (1.42); 0.06	1.74 (1.29); 0.18	-2.56 (1.59); 0.11	0.89 (1.38); 0.52	0.89 (5.60); 0.87
Intervention X Month 6	0.75 (1.40); 0.59	-2.66 (1.42); 0.06	-2.63 (1.29); 0.04	-0.36 (1.61); 0.82	-0.67 (1.38); 0.63	-7.74 (5.62); 0.17
Intervention X Month 12	-0.68 (1.42); 0.63	-3.04 (1.44); 0.03	-1.87 (1.31); 0.15	-1.50 (1.60); 0.35	0.88 (1.40); 0.53	-4.94 (5.68); 0.38
Intervention X Month 18	-0.58 (1.41); 0.68	-1.41 (1.43); 0.32	-0.35 (1.29); 0.78	-4.91 (1.59); 0.002	-0.18 (1.39); 0.90	-3.95 (5.63); 0.48
Effect of change in depression status
Joint significance test	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p	F(df); p
Change in depression status	5.1 (2,660); 0.006	0.1 (2,660); 0.89	2.0 (2,660); 0.14	1.8 (2,660); 0.17	3.6 (2,660); 0.03	2.6 (2,660); 0.08
Main effects	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p
Not depressed to depressed	2.26 (2.02); 0.26	1.47 (1.82); 0.42	3.17 (1.74); 0.07	5.82 (2.09); 0.006	1.56 (1.74); 0.37	13.69 (7.49); 0.07
Depressed to not depressed	3.41 (1.09); 0.002	0.45 (0.98); 0.65	1.71 (0.94); 0.07	0.94 (1.13); 0.40	2.47 (0.93); 0.008	8.99 (4.02); 0.03
Repeated not depressed	3.57 (1.22); 0.004	1.19 (1.11); 0.28	1.92 (1.08); 0.08	2.34 (1.21); 0.053	2.30 (1.04); 0.03	11.47 (4.52); 0.01
Time (linear)	1.40 (0.36); 0.0001	3.11 (0.32); <0.0001	0.71 (0.31); 0.03	4.76 (0.41); <0.0001	4.87 (0.31); <0.0001	14.84 (1.31); <0.0001
Model of effect of change in depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 score)
Main effects	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p	Beta (SE); p
Time (linear)	1.30 (0.36); 0.0003	3.05 (0.33); <0.0001	0.59 (0.32); 0.06	4.78 (0.41); <0.0001	4.76 (0.31); <0.0001	14.48 (1.32); <0.0001
Effect of change in PHQ-9	-0.28 (0.08); 0.001	-0.09 (0.07); 0.23	-0.20 (0.07); 0.007	0.04 (0.08); 0.60	-0.25 (0.07); 0.0004	-0.78 (0.30); 0.01
Effect size	− 0.10	− 0.07	− 0.09	0.01	− 0.10	− 0.07

SE = standard error; df = degrees of freedom; PHQ-9 = Patient Health Questionnaire (9-item version)
All models included these baseline covariates: age, relationship status (in a committed relationship; yes/no), any secondary schooling (yes/no), newly diagnosed with HIV (yes/no), PHQ-9 score at eligibility screening, undetectable HIV viral load (yes/no)
The model specification included time as a categorical variable with indicators for each follow-up assessment (month 2, month 6, month 12, month 18). The joint tests of overall effect of time and intervention are Type 3 tests of fixed effects. The coefficients of the main effects of time are not shown here. The key coefficients of interest are the interaction terms between Intervention and time, which are the (covariate-adjusted) difference between the Intervention (intervention = 1) group and the control group (Intervention = 0); a p-value < 0.05 indicates a statistically significant difference between the means of the two study arms. Further, note that to estimate the mean in the intervention group, one must add the main effect of time to the interaction between intervention and time. The effect size is a standardized regression coefficient to show magnitude that’s unitless and comparable across models [41].

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