Table 1 Socioeconomic, demographic, and healthcare level factors associated with adverse outcomes amongst recently delivered women having live birth in India (2019–21) (n = 174,947)
Variables | ANO [weighted sample- (n = 46,342)] | Total births [weighted sample- (N = 174,947)] | % | Unadjusted OR | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level | ||||||
Age of women (5-year age group yrs.) | ||||||
 15–19 | 1484 | 3397 | 30.4% | Ref | ||
 20–24 | 13,345 | 35,409 | 27.4% | 0.84*** [0.79; 0.89] | ||
 25–29 | 17,119 | 50,577 | 25.3% | 0.75*** [0.71; 0.80] | ||
 30–34 | 8616 | 27,720 | 23.7% | 0.71*** [0.66; 0.75] | ||
 35–39 | 3447 | 11,142 | 23.6% | 0.72*** [0.67; 0.77] | ||
 40–44 | 846 | 2759 | 23.5% | 0.75*** [0.68; 0.83] | ||
 45–49 | 252 | 730 | 25.7% | 0.85 [0.71; 1.02] | ||
High risk fertility behavior | ||||||
 No | 30,013 | 115,895 | 25.9% | Ref | ||
 Yes | 16,329 | 59,052 | 27.7% | 1.09*** [1.07; 1.12] | ||
Mother's educational Status | ||||||
 Illiterate | 9739 | 34,144 | 28.5% | Ref | ||
 Primary | 5877 | 20,526 | 28.6% | 1.01 [0.97, 1.04] | ||
 Secondary | 23,731 | 90,071 | 26.3% | 0.90*** [0.87, 0.92] | ||
 Higher | 6996 | 30,206 | 23.2% | 0.76*** [0.73, 0.78] | ||
Height of the mother (in cm.) (Refusal = 5915) | ||||||
 < = 150 | 18,562 | 64,057 | 29.0% | Ref | ||
 150–155 | 14,602 | 56,864 | 25.7% | 0.85*** [0.83, 0.87] | ||
 > 155 | 11,589 | 48,111 | 24.1% | 0.78*** [0.76, 0.80] | ||
Tobacco or alcohol consumption (any mode) | ||||||
 Yes | 1,546 | 5,678 | 27.2% | Ref | ||
 No | 44,796 | 169,268 | 26.5% | 1.03 [0.98, 1.11] | ||
Intention to become pregnant | ||||||
 Then | 42,288 | 160,964 | 26.3% | Ref | ||
 Later | 2,084 | 7,078 | 29.4% | 1.17*** [1.11, 1.23] | ||
 No more | 1,971 | 6,905 | 28.5% | 1.12*** [1.06, 1.18] | ||
Received ante-natal care | ||||||
 No | 3,025 | 10,712 | 28.2% | Ref | ||
 Yes | 43,318 | 164,235 | 26.4% | 0.91*** [0.87, 0.95] | ||
ANC registration status | ||||||
 No | 3,105 | 10,742 | 28.9% | Ref | ||
 Yes | 43,237 | 164,205 | 26.3% | 0.88*** [0.84, 0.92] | ||
Timing of first ANC checkup of ANC visits | ||||||
 First Trimester | 31,941 | 122,534 | 26.1% | Ref | ||
 Second Trimester | 9,092 | 32,852 | 27.7% | 1.09*** [1.06, 1.12] | ||
 Third Trimester | 2,198 | 8,509 | 25.8% | 0.99 [0.94, 1.04] | ||
Number of ANC checkups | ||||||
 No ANC | 3,025 | 10,712 | 28.2% | Ref | ||
 1- 4 visits | 24,175 | 85,986 | 28.1% | 0.99 [0.95, 1.04] | ||
 More than 4 visits | 18,466 | 76,005 | 24.3% | 0.82*** [0.78, 0.85] | ||
Perceived Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness (BPCR) | ||||||
 None | 5,140 | 18,105 | 28.4% | Ref | ||
 At least one | 26,401 | 98,391 | 26.8% | 0.93*** [0.89, 0.96] | ||
 All | 14,801 | 58,451 | 25.3% | 0.86*** [0.82, 0.89] | ||
Getting medical help for self is problem? | ||||||
 No | 6,428 | 26,820 | 24.0% | Ref | ||
 Low | 11,522 | 46,343 | 24.9% | 1.05*** [1.01, 1.09] | ||
 Moderate | 16,361 | 59,950 | 27.3% | 1.19*** [1.15, 1.23] | ||
 High | 12,031 | 41,834 | 28.8% | 1.28*** [1.24, 1.33] | ||
Perceived quality of antenatal checkups | ||||||
 None/Some | 11,486.28 | 40,532.41 | 28.3% | Ref | ||
 All | 34,856.04 | 134,414.50 | 25.9% | 0.89*** [0.86, 0.91] | ||
Experience of complications | ||||||
 No | 15,216 | 58,396 | 26.1% | Ref | ||
 Any one | 11,330 | 43,450 | 26.1% | 1.00 [0.97, 1.03] | ||
 Any two | 10,698 | 39,957 | 26.8% | 1.04*** [1.01, 1.07] | ||
 Three & more | 9,098 | 33,145 | 27.4% | 1.07*** [1.04, 1.11] | ||
Household level | ||||||
Wealth index | ||||||
 Poorest | 11,269 | 39,839 | 28.3% | Ref | ||
 Poorer | 10,463 | 36,811 | 28.4% | 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | ||
 Middle | 8,799 | 34,249 | 25.7% | 0.88*** [0.85,0.91] | ||
 Richer | 8,630 | 33,650 | 25.6% | 0.87*** [0.85, 0.90] | ||
 Richest | 7,182 | 30,398 | 23.6% | 0.78*** [0.76, 0.81] | ||
Sex of the household head | ||||||
 Male | 39,292 | 148,557 | 26.4% | Ref | ||
 Female | 7,050 | 26,389 | 26.7% | 1.01 [0.98, 1.04] | ||
Source of drinking water | ||||||
 Unclean | 1,628 | 6,337 | 25.7% | Ref | ||
 Clean | 41,836 | 158,247 | 26.4% | 1.04 [0.98, 1.10] | ||
Type of cooking fuel | ||||||
 Unclean fuel | 21,731 | 78,807 | 27.6% | Ref | ||
 Clean fuel | 21,845 | 86,270 | 25.3% | 0.89*** [0.87, 0.91] | ||
Media Exposure | ||||||
 Not at all | 13,454 | 46,814 | 28.7% | Ref | ||
 Less than/at least once | 32,888 | 128,133 | 25.7% | 0.86*** [0.84, 0.88] | ||
Family size | ||||||
 1 to 4 | 12,950 | 48,571 | 26.7% | Ref | ||
 5 to 6 | 17,066 | 65,853 | 25.9% | 0.96** [0.94, 0.99] | ||
 > = 7 | 16,326 | 60,523 | 27.0% | 1.02 [0.99, 1.04] | ||
Caste | ||||||
 General | 8,475 | 32,694 | 25.9% | Ref | ||
 SC | 10,953 | 39,627 | 27.6% | 1.09*** [1.06, 1.13] | ||
 ST | 4,418 | 17,291 | 25.6% | 0.98 [0.94, 1.02] | ||
 OBC | 19,800 | 75,232 | 26.3% | 1.02 [0.99, 1.05] | ||
Religion | ||||||
 Hindu | 37,263 | 139,207 | 26.8% | Ref | ||
 Muslim | 7,224 | 27,843 | 25.9% | 0.96*** [0.93, 0.99] | ||
 Other | 1,856 | 7,897 | 23.5% | 0.84*** [0.80, 0.89] | ||
Community level | ||||||
Residential Status | ||||||
 Urban | 12,307 | 49,341 | 24.9% | Ref | ||
 Rural | 34,035 | 125,606 | 27.1% | 1.12*** [1.09, 1.15] | ||
Maternal community education status | ||||||
 High | 39,341 | 150,337 | 26.2% | Ref | ||
 Low | 7,001 | 24,610 | 28.4% | 1.12*** [1.09, 1.16] | ||
Maternal community economic status | ||||||
 High | 35,878 | 136,882 | 26.2% | Ref | ||
 Low | 10,465 | 38,065 | 27.5% | 1.07*** [1.04, 1.09] | ||
Region | ||||||
 Southern | 6,501 | 29,723 | 21.9% | Ref | ||
 Central | 14,290 | 48,055 | 29.7% | 1.51*** [1.46, 1.56] | ||
 North | 3,315 | 11,276 | 29.4% | 1.49*** [1.42, 1.56] | ||
 Eastern | 11,662 | 45,129 | 25.8% | 1.24*** [1.20, 1.29] | ||
 Northeastern | 1,548 | 7,091 | 21.8% | 1.00 [0.94, 1.06] | ||
 Western | 9,027 | 33,673 | 26.8% | 1.31*** [1.26, 1.36] | ||