Table 2 Multilevel logistic regression analysis to assess the effect of background characteristics on the likelihood of adverse neonatal outcomes, India, 2019–21
Background characteristics | Model I (individual level) | Model II (Individual + Household level) | Model III (Individual + Household level + Community level) |
|---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
High risk fertility behavior | |||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 1.02 [ 1, 1.04] | 1.01 [ 0.99, 1.04] | 1.01 [ 0.98, 1.03] |
Mother’s educational Status | |||
 Illiterate | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Primary | 1.04 [ 1, 1.08] | 1.06** [ 1.01, 1.1] | 1.06*** [ 1.02, 1.11] |
 Secondary | 0.96** [ 0.93, 0.99] | 0.97** [ 0.93, 1] | 1.01 [ 0.97, 1.04] |
 Higher | 0.85*** [ 0.82, 0.89] | 0.86*** [ 0.82, 0.9] | 0.92*** [ 0.88, 0.96] |
Height of the mother (in cm.) | |||
 < = 150 | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 150–155 | 0.87*** [ 0.84, 0.89] | 0.87*** [ 0.84, 0.89] | 0.86*** [ 0.83, 0.88] |
 > 155 | 0.81*** [ 0.79, 0.84] | 0.81*** [ 0.79, 0.84] | 0.8*** [ 0.77, 0.82] |
Intention to become pregnant | |||
 Then | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Later | 1.14*** [ 1.08, 1.2] | 1.11*** [ 1.05, 1.18] | 1.11*** [ 1.05, 1.18] |
 No more | 1.05 [ 0.99, 1.1] | 1.03 [ 0.97, 1.09] | 1.01 [ 0.96, 1.08] |
ANC registration status | |||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Yes | 0.95** [ 0.91, 0.99] | 0.95 [ 0.91, 1] | 0.95** [ 0.9, 0.99] |
Perceived BPCR | |||
 None | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 At least one | 0.97 [ 0.93, 1.01] | 0.98 [ 0.94, 1.02] | 0.97 [ 0.93, 1.01] |
 All | 0.9*** [ 0.86, 0.93] | 0.91*** [ 0.87, 0.95] | 0.88*** [ 0.84, 0.92] |
Getting medical help for self is problem? | |||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Low | 1.02 [ 0.98, 1.06] | 1.02 [ 0.98, 1.06] | 1.03 [ 0.99, 1.07] |
 Moderate | 1.13*** [ 1.09, 1.17] | 1.13*** [ 1.09, 1.18] | 1.13*** [ 1.09, 1.18] |
 High | 1.19*** [ 1.14, 1.23] | 1.18*** [ 1.14, 1.23] | 1.2*** [ 1.15, 1.25] |
Perceived quality of antenatal checkups | |||
 None/Some | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 All | 0.96** [ 0.93, 0.99] | 0.97** [ 0.94, 1] | 0.98 [ 0.95, 1.01] |
Experience of complications | |||
 No | Ref | Ref | Ref |
 Any one | 1.02 [ 0.99, 1.05] | 1.02 [ 0.99, 1.05] | 1.02 [ 0.99, 1.05] |
 Any two | 1.05*** [ 1.02, 1.08] | 1.04** [ 1.01, 1.07] | 1.03** [ 1, 1.07] |
 Three & more | 1.09*** [ 1.06, 1.13] | 1.07*** [ 1.04, 1.11] | 1.05*** [ 1.02, 1.09] |
Wealth index | |||
 Poorest |  | Ref | Ref |
 Poorer |  | 1.08*** [ 1.04, 1.12] | 1.03 [ 0.99, 1.07] |
 Middle |  | 0.99 [ 0.94, 1.03] | 0.91*** [ 0.87, 0.95] |
 Richer |  | 1.04 [ 1, 1.09] | 0.92*** [ 0.88, 0.97] |
 Richest |  | 1.02 [ 0.96, 1.07] | 0.84*** [ 0.79, 0.89] |
Type of cooking fuel | |||
 Unclean fuel |  | Ref | Ref |
 Clean fuel |  | 0.98 [ 0.95, 1.01] | 1.03 [ 0.99, 1.06] |
Media Exposure | |||
 Not at all |  | Ref | Ref |
 Less than/at least once |  | 0.94*** [ 0.92, 0.97] | 0.96** [ 0.93, 0.99] |
Caste | |||
 General |  | Ref | Ref |
 SC |  | 1.0 [ 0.96, 1.04] | 1.01 [ 0.97, 1.05] |
 ST |  | 0.87*** [ 0.83, 0.91] | 0.91*** [ 0.87, 0.95] |
 OBC |  | 0.97** [ 0.94, 1] | 1.0 [ 0.96, 1.03] |
Religion | |||
 Hindu |  | Ref | Ref |
 Muslim |  | 0.94*** [ 0.9, 0.97] | 0.95** [ 0.92, 0.99] |
 Other |  | 0.89*** [ 0.84, 0.95] | 0.92** [ 0.87, 0.98] |
Residential Status | |||
 Urban |  |  | Ref |
 Rural |  |  | 1.00 [ 0.97, 1.03] |
Maternal community economic status | |||
 High |  |  | Ref |
 Low |  |  | 0.94*** [ 0.91, 0.97] |
Maternal community education status | |||
 High |  |  | Ref |
 Low |  |  | 1.04 [ 1, 1.07] |
Region | |||
 Southern |  |  | Ref |
 Central |  |  | 1.33*** [ 1.28, 1.39] |
 North |  |  | 1.56*** [ 1.48, 1.65] |
 Eastern |  |  | 1.00 [ 0.96, 1.05] |
 Northeastern |  |  | 0.81*** [ 0.75, 0.88] |
 Western |  |  | 1.26*** [ 1.21, 1.32] |
 Number of Observation | 172,336 | 154,610 | 154,610 |