Table 1 Baseline characteristics of individuals who screened positive versus negative for depressive symptoms on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale

Age at first prenatal visit, years

28 (24–34)

31 (26–34)

30 (26–34)

0.034*

Race

 Black or African American

45 (52.9)

275 (43.4)

320 (44.6)

0.183

  White or Caucasian

31 (36.5)

254 (40.1)

285 (39.7)

  None of the above

9 (10.6)

104 (16.4)

113 (15.7)

Ethnicity

 Not Hispanic or Latino

80 (94.1)

597 (94.5)

677 (94.4)

0.804

 Hispanic or Latino

5 (5.9)

35 (5.5)

40 (5.6)

Highest education level

 High school or less

51 (60.7)

437 (69.0)

488 (68.1)

0.124

 Some college or more

33 (39.3)

196 (31.0)

229 (31.9)

Marital status

 Partnered

38 (44.7)

385 (60.8)

423 (58.9)

0.005*

 Unpartnered

47 (55.3)

248 (39.2)

295 (41.1)

Employment

 Employed

57 (67.1)

434 (68.6)

491 (68.4)

0.780

 Unemployed/Student

28 (32.9)

199 (31.4)

227 (31.6)

Insurance status

 Private

37 (43.5)

376 (59.4)

413 (57.5)

0.013*

 Government

47 (55.3)

254 (40.1)

301 (41.9)

 Other

1 (1.2)

3 (0.5)

4 (0.6)

Substance Use

 Tobacco use

15 (17.7)

33 (5.2)

48 (6.7)

< 0.001*

 Alcohol use

9 (10.6)

73 (11.5)

82 (11.4)

0.797

 Drug use

15 (17.7)

27 (4.3)

42 (5.9)

< 0.001*

Psychiatric History

 Any history of psychiatric diagnosis

55 (64.7)

229 (36.2)

284 (39.6)

< 0.001*