Table 3 Summary of key findings

Thomson et al. [48]

Weight: No significant difference in the proportion of participants meeting recommended gestational weight gain between the intervention and the control group (p = 1.000).

Hypertension and Pre-eclampsia: No difference in changes in the proportion of hypertension (p = 0.399) and pre-eclampsia (p = 0.358).

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

95%

Thomson et al. [50]

Not Assessed

PA: No significant difference in minutes of physical activity between the intervention and the control group at the three-time points (p = 0.075).

Social Support: No significant difference in social support between groups (p = 0.601).

95%

Berry et al. [23]

Skinfolds: Experimental group had significantly greater decreases in triceps skinfolds (p = 0.01) and subscapular skinfolds (p = 0.04).

Nutrition Knowledge: Experimental group had significantly greater nutrition knowledge than the control group (p = 0.04).

Not assessed

77%

Boyd et al. [25]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression: Intervention group demonstrated a greater reduction in depression symptoms than the control group (-9.3 vs. -0.1, p < 0.01).

84%

Crockett et al. [28]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Postpartum Adjustment, Depression, Stress: At 3 months intervention group reported significantly better postpartum adjustment (13 vs. 10.42, p < 0.009), no difference in depression symptoms or parental stress between groups (ps > 0.05)

100%

Berry et al. [24]

WC, BMI, Skinfold, BP HbA1c, HOMA-IR, Fasting Insulin, Fasting Glucose, 2-hour Glucose Compared with the control group, women in the intervention had a significant decrease in waist circumference at 7 months (p = 0.046). No significant differences in weight, BMI, skinfolds, BP, total cholesterol, A1C, HOMA-IR, fasting insulin, fasting glucose, and 2-hour glucose (ps > 0.05).

PA, Diet: Compared with control, the intervention group had a significant increase in PA (p = 0.033), ate at a fast-food restaurant less (p = 0.012).

Stress Management: No significant differences in stress management between groups (p > 0.05).

Self-Efficacy: No significant differences in self-efficacy (p > 0.05).

52%

Joshi et al. [31]

Weight: No difference in weight gain between intervention and control groups (p = 0.89).

Diet: No significant change in diet behavior: low-fat eating (4.7 ± 2.4 vs. 4.2 ± 1.8, p = 0.86).

Not Assessed

100%

Liu et al. [54]

Weight: Compared to controls, intervention group were less likely to exceed IOM weight gain recommendations (56.3% vs. 63.2%, p = 0.07).

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

100%

Walker et al. [51]

Weight: Weight changes between intervention and control groups were non-significant in each ethnic group (ps > 0.05).

Not Assessed

Self-Efficacy, Stress:

African American women’s self-efficacy was a significant psychosocial predictor of weight loss (r= -0.48, p < 0.05). Lower perceived stress favored weight loss (r = 0.48, p < 0.05).

35%

Liu et al. [42]

Weight: Intervention participants retained less weight than standard care women at 6 months (mean difference– 3.5 kg, p < 0.0003) and 12 months (mean difference- 2.2 kg, p < 0.03).

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

44%

Wilcox et al. [49]

Not Assessed

PA, Diets: No change noted in the level of PA.

Participants ate more vegetables (0.16 vs.-0.29, p = 0.01) and

whole grains (8.05 vs. -0.55, p < 0.01).

HRQOL: Control group had greater improvement in score of HRQOL mental component than the intervention group (4.52 vs. 1.84, p < 0.05).

44%

Gross et al. [30]

Weight: Intervention participants retained significantly less gestational weight gain at 6-month postpartum than control participants (3.0 ± 11.8 vs. 12.6 ± 20.4, p < 0.05). No significant difference in GWG between groups (p > 0.05).

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

96%

Liu et al. [43]

GWG and Percent of Exceeding IOM Guideline: Black participants with overweight gained 4.5 kg less and had a lower percentage of exceeding IOM guidelines than standard care participants (ps < 0.05).

PA, Diet: No significant differences in moderate-to-vigorous PA and energy intake between intervention and control groups (ps > 0.05).

Not Assessed

44%

El-Mohandez et al. [29]

Not Assessed

Smoking: Compared to control group, the intervention group had a greater reduction in environmental tobacco smoke exposure (-301% vs. 25%, p = 0.01); and a lower resurgence in smoking rates (2.2% vs. 7.3%, p < 0.001).

Depression, Intimate Partner Violence: No significant differences in the change for depression and intimate partner violence between the two groups (ps > 0.05).

100%

Grote et al. [32]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression, Social Functioning: Compared to the control group, intervention group had lower depression diagnosis

(5% vs. 42%, p < 0.003) and depressive symptoms (24.3 vs. 25.9, p < 0.001) Also, the intervention group had greater improvement in social functioning at six months postpartum (3.07 vs. 3.18, p = 0.002)

62%

Cinciripini et al. [27]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression: Compared to the control group, the intervention had less depression, at the 6 months after end of treatment (p = 0.001).

54%

Kranzler et al. [38]

Not Assessed

Smoking Abstinence/Cessation: No difference between groups: At the end of treatment (7-day point prevalence quit rates: bupropion = 11.0% vs. placebo = 18.5%, p > 0.05); or week 24 (7-day point prevalence quit rates:

bupropion = 9.4%vs. placebo = 21.5%, p > 0.05).

Not Assessed

52%

McKee et al. [44]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression, Social Support: Depressive symptoms from late pregnancy to 3 months postpartum were significantly reduced in both intervention and control groups (ps < 0.05); but no significant group difference in social support and mother-infant bonding (ps > 0.05).

43%

Chao et al. [26]

Weight, Glucose Tolerance: No significant differences in gestational weight (p = 0.29), and 1-hour 50 g glucose test between the intervention and control (116.0 ± 35.3 vs. 113.9 ± 23.2 mg/dL, p = 0.82).

Diet: No significant difference in caloric intake (2,154 ± 251.3 vs. 1,972.0 ± 202.7 kcals; p = 0.58).

Not Assessed

54%

South et al. [47]

Not Assessed

PA: Women who completed the intervention had three times higher nature visits compared to the control (IRR 3.1, 95%CI 1.16–3.14, p = 0.025).

Not Assessed

90%

Jesse et al. [36]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression: The intervention significantly reduced depression scores for African American women at high-risk from baseline to post-treatment (5.59 ± 0.90 vs. 2.18 ± 1.04, p = 0.02) and baseline to one-month follow-up (6.32 ± 1.06 vs. 3.14 ± 1.01, p = 0.04).

68%

Haire-Joshu et al. [33]

Weight: Intervention arm gained less weight (2.5 kg ± 7.4 kg vs. 5.7 ± 8.8 kg; P = 0.01) and were more likely to return to to their baseline weight during postpartum (38% vs. 21.5%, p = 0.01) compared to control.

BP, Glycemic Gontrol,Insulin Sensitivity, Lipid Profile: No significant changes between groups (ps > 0.05).

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

100%

Hans et al. [34]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression: The change in postpartum depressive symptoms did not differ between the intervention and control groups (p: Not Reported).

45%

Kitzman et al. [37]

Pregnancy-induced Hypertension: Fewer women in the intervention group had pregnancy-induced hypertension than the control group (13% vs. 20%; p = 0.009).

Weight: No significant differences in gestational weight gain (p > 0.05).

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

90%

Herring et al. [35]

Weight: Greater weight loss in the intervention group than usual care: adjusted mean difference: −3.2 kg, p = 0.04)

Diet: More intervention than control participants endorsed eating “less food” at follow-up (100% vs. 44%, p = 0.03).

PA: No significant difference was found in the number of days spent walking (p: Not Reported).

Not Assessed

78%

Lane et al. [40]

BP: The intervention did not reduce the risk of worse systolic or diastolic BP trajectory in overweight/obese women (p: Not Reported).

44%

Napolitano et el. [45]

Weight: No significant difference in weight loss between groups p > 0.05).

PA: No significant difference between groups; but there was a significant increase among the intervention group

MVPA (618.4 vs. 279.9 min/weekly; p = 0.004)

VPA (328.3 vs. 100.1 min/weekly; p = 0.001)

Diet: Intervention groups had significantly higher servings of fruits and vegetables compared to control (p = 0.02). No significant difference in fast food consumption between groups (p > 0.05).

Stress, Coping, Social Support: No difference between groups (ps > 0.05).

100%

Lewey et al. [41]

Not Assessed

PA: The intervention group had

647 more steps (95% CI, 169–1124; p = 0.009) and increased their step goals (0.47 vs. 0.38,  p= 0.003) more than the control group.

Not Assessed

55%

Pezley et al. [46]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Depression, Anxiety: Depression and anxiety scores remained below the clinical threshold for referral to treatment in both groups (p: Not Reported).

100%

Bryant et al. [52]

Not Assessed

Not Assessed

Resilience, Depression, Anxiety, Social Support: There was a significant improvement in resilience (26.44 ± 5.39 vs.28.29 ± 5.26, p < 0.001) but no significant improvement in depression, anxiety or social support (ps > 0.05).

99%

Cavallo et al. [55]

Weight:

At the end of the intervention, the mean weight change among participants was − 1.3 kg ± 4.4 kg (p: Not Reported).

PA: Mean change in walking time was 116.3 min/week ± 191.6 (p: Not Reported).

Diet: The mean change in servings/day of fruit and vegetables was 0.5 ± 1.5 servings/day (p: Not Reported).

Not Assessed

73%

Kannan et al. [53]

Not Assessed

Diet, PA , BP Monitoring: At the end of intervention, 77% adopted at least one healthy eating behavior (moderating sodium, serving more fruits and vegetables to their families); 23% adopted at least two such behaviors (reading food labels for sodium; using culinary herbs/spices; serving more fruits and vegetables to their families); and 45% adopted both dietary (moderating sodium; eating more fruit) and biomedical behaviors such as exercising, BP monitoring (p: Not Reported).

Not Assessed

100%

Krukowski et al.[39]

Not Assessed

Weight Monitoring: Those in the weight loss incentive group had 2.86 times as many days of self-weighing as those who received the lottery incentive (p < 0.01).

PA: No difference in physical activity between those who received a physical activity incentive and those who did not (p > 0.05).

Not Assessed

62%