Table 3 Comparing the demographic and clinical features, ABG findings, and neonatal outcomes in pregnancies with GDM that received non-medical (lifestyle modification) and medical treatments

Age; y

32.4 ± 5.7 [18.2, 42.0]

34.2 ± 6.4 [18.1, 42.9]

0.180^b

BMI; kg/m²

30.4 ± 5.7 [19.4, 48.5]

29.2 ± 3.0 [25.3, 37.4]

0.201^b

Gravida; n

2.5 ± 1.0 [1.0, 5.0]

3.3 ± 1.2 [1.0, 6.0]

0.002^b

Gestational age at delivery; w

38.5 ± 0.8 [37.0, 40.0]

38.3 ± 0.7 [37.0, 40.0]

0.400^b

Conception

Spontaneous

42 (89.4)

5 (10.6)

0.009^c

ART

26 (65.0)

14 (35.0)

pH

7.3 ± 0.1 [7.0, 7.5]

7.3 ± 0.1 [7.0, 7.5]

0.482^b

PCO₂; mmHg

48.4 ± 10.1 [33.2, 79.0]

46.6 ± 9.7 [28.9, 74.9]

0.419^b

PO₂; mmHg

13.1 ± 5.0 [6.2, 25.8]

13.1 ± 5.7 [2.1, 29.0]

0.965^b

HCO₃; mEq/L

22.7 ± 3.0 [16.5, 27.9]

23.0 ± 3.2 [17.3, 30.9]

0.712^b

BD; mEq/L

-1.6 ± 3.6 [-14.2, 2.9]

-2.0 ± 4.0 [-15.3, 3.9]

0.659

Birthweight; g

3368.3 ± 610.9 [1884.0, 4760.0]

3118.9 ± 614.7 [1843.5, 4392.5]

0.062^b

1-minute Apgar score

8.2 ± 1.2 [4.4, 9.0]

7.2 ± 1.3 [4.0, 9.0]

0.001^b*†

5-minute Apgar score

9.4 ± 0.7 [7.2, 10.0]

8.8 ± 1.0 [7.0, 10.0]

0.001^b*†

Resuscitation at birth

8 (17.0)

17 (42.5)

0.009^c*†

NICU admission

11 (23.4)

19 (47.5)

0.018^c