Table 5 Determinants of unintended pregnancies: regression results from NFHS-5 (2019-21)
Women’s Characteristics | Model-I [95% C.I.] | p-value | Model-II[95% C.I.] | p-value | Model-III [95% C.I.] | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Socio-demographic variables | ||||||
Residence | ||||||
Urban | Reference | |||||
Rural | 0.81 [0.70, 0.93] | 0.003 | 0.82 [0.71, 0.95] | 0.006 | ||
Age-group | ||||||
15–19 years | Reference | |||||
20–24 years | 0.80 [0.62, 1.02] | 0.075 | 0.71 [0.55, 0.93] | 0.012 | ||
25–29 years | 0.69 [0.53, 0.89] | 0.005 | 0.50 [0.38, 0.65] | 0.000 | ||
30–34 years | 0.88 [0.66, 1.16] | 0.364 | 0.51 [0.38, 0.70] | 0.000 | ||
35 years and above | 0.92 [0.65, 1.32] | 0.656 | 0.45 [0.30, 0.67] | 0.000 | ||
Religion | ||||||
Hindu | Reference | |||||
Muslim | 0.98 [0.85, 1.14] | 0.829 | 0.94 [0.81, 1.10] | 0.469 | ||
Others | 1.06 [0.80, 1.40] | 0.679 | 1.20 [0.90, 1.60] | 0.210 | ||
Caste | ||||||
SC/ST | Reference | |||||
OBC | 0.92 [0.82, 1.03] | 0.164 | 0.90 [0.80, 1.02] | 0.098 | ||
Others | 1.03 [0.88, 1.20] | 0.526 | 1.01 [0.86, 1.19] | 0.910 | ||
Education | ||||||
No Education | Reference | |||||
Primary | 1.40 [1.17, 1.62] | 0.000 | 1.49 [1.25, 1.77] | 0.000 | ||
Secondary | 1.06 [0.90, 1.17] | 0.388 | 1.23 [1.02, 1.43] | 0.007 | ||
Higher | 0.88 [0.67, 1.01] | 0.212 | 1.21 [0.96, 1.52] | 0.099 | ||
Wealth Index | ||||||
Poorest | 1.49 [1.02, 1.57] | 0.000 | 1.15 [0.91, 1.46] | 0.255 | ||
Poorer | 1.27 [0.93, 1.27] | 0.032 | 0.97 [0.78, 1.23] | 0.818 | ||
Middle | 1.26 [1.02, 1.56] | 0.035 | 1.01 [0.81, 1.27] | 0.924 | ||
Richer | 1.23 [1.00, 1.52] | 0.049 | 1.05 [0.85, 1.30] | 0.679 | ||
Richest | Reference | |||||
Type of state | ||||||
Non-EAG | Reference | |||||
EAG | 1.57 [1.40, 1.77] | 0.000 | 1.50 [1.32, 1.70] | 0.000 | ||
Fertility Related Variable | ||||||
Last Birth Status | ||||||
Wanted | Reference | |||||
Unwanted | 7.94 [6.70, 9.40] | 0.000 | 7.46 [6.28, 8.85] | 0.000 | ||
Son preference | ||||||
No | Reference | |||||
Yes | 1.02 [0.90, 1.17] | 0.743 | 0.93 [0.81, 1.06] | 0.292 | ||
Fertility gap | ||||||
Positive gap | Reference | |||||
No gap | 2.44 [2.10, 2.83] | 0.000 | 2.57 [2.21, 3.00] | 0.000 | ||
Negative gap | 1.90 [1.56, 2.33] | 0.000 | 2.01 [1.64, 2.47] | 0.000 | ||
Parity of women | ||||||
1 | 1.14 [0.99, 1.32] | 0.073 | 1.11 [0.95, 1.29] | 0.194 | ||
2 | Reference | |||||
3 | 1.32 [1.11, 1.58] | 0.002 | 1.43 [1.19, 1.71] | 0.000 | ||
4 and above | 1.22 [0.99, 1.51] | 0.064 | 1.39 [1.10, 1.77] | 0.006 | ||
Knowledge and Intention regarding family planning | ||||||
Knowledge of ovulatory cycle | ||||||
Correct | Reference | |||||
Incorrect | 1.20 [1.05, 1.37] | 0.006 | ||||
Family Planning awareness | ||||||
Not Aware | 1.28 [1.04, 1.59] | 0.023 | ||||
Partially Aware | 1.25 [1.01, 1.53] | 0.036 | ||||
Completely Aware | Reference | |||||
Contraceptive Intention | ||||||
Yes | Reference | |||||
No | 1.34 [1.15, 1.55] | 0.000 | ||||