Table 1 Study characteristics and demographics of Surgical Site Infection (SSI) investigations in post-cesarean section cases
Author | Study period | Study design | Country | HDI level | Income level | Total women screened | Number test-positive for SSIs | SSI rate (%) | Quality assessment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nigeria | |||||||||
 Morhason-Bello et al. (2009) [25] | 2004–2004 | Cross-sectional | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 74 | 12 | 16.2 | Moderate quality |
 Bukar et al. (2009) [26] | 2001–2003 | Retrospective | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 264 | 11 | 4.2 | Moderate quality |
 Ezechi et al. (2009) [27] | 2004–2008 | Prospective | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 817 | 76 | 9.3 | Moderate quality |
 Jido et al. (2012) [28] | 2001–2002 | Retrospective | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 445 | 44 | 9.9 | Moderate quality |
 Brisibe et al. (2015) [29] | 2013–2014 | RCT | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 711 | 96 | 13.5 | High quality |
 Njoku et al. (2019) [30] | 2015–2016 | Prospective | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 600 | 51 | 8.5 | High quality |
 Dayo-Dada et al. (2022) [31] | 2011–2018 | Retrospective | Nigeria | Low | Lower-middle | 1224 | 196 | 16.0 | High quality |
Ethiopia | |||||||||
 Amenu et al. (2011) [32] | 2009–2010 | Prospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 580 | 66 | 11.4 | Moderate quality |
 Gelaw et al. (2017) [33] | 2013–2016 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 384 | 26 | 6.8 | Moderate quality |
 Mamo et al. (2017) [34] | 2015 | Retrospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 384 | 36 | 9.4 | Moderate quality |
 Wodajo et al. (2017) [35] | 2012–2013 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 592 | 65 | 11.0 | Low quality |
 Wendmagegn et al. (2018) [36] | 2014–2016 | Retrospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 206 | 24 | 11.7 | Moderate quality |
 Molla et al. (2019) [37] | 2017 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 334 | 27 | 8.1 | Moderate quality |
 Azeze et al. (2019) [38] | 2018 | Retrospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 383 | 30 | 7.8 | Moderate quality |
 Ayala et al. (2021) [39] | 2018–2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 382 | 34 | 8.9 | Moderate quality |
 Bizuayew et al. (2021) [40] | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 622 | 77 | 12.4 | High quality |
 Lijaemiro et al. (2020) [41] | 2019 | Prospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 166 | 25 | 15.1 | Low quality |
 Ketema et al. (2020) [42] | 2019 | Prospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 520 | 132 | 25.4 | Low quality |
 Alemye et al. (2021) [43] | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 1069 | 132 | 12.3 | High quality |
 Ali et al. (2021) [44] | 2018–2019 | Retrospective | Ethiopia | Low | Low | 818 | 100 | 12.2 | Moderate quality |
Tanzania | |||||||||
 Mpogoro et al. (2014) [45] | 2011–2012 | Prospective | Tanzania | Low | Lower-middle | 345 | 38 | 11.0 | Moderate quality |
 De Nardo et al. (2016) [24] | 2013 | Prospective | Tanzania | Low | Lower-middle | 467 | 225 | 48.2 | High quality |
 Gentilotti et al. (2020) [46] | 2013–2015 | RCT | Tanzania | Low | Lower-middle | 467 | 225 | 48.2 | High quality |
 Ernest et al. (2021) [22] | 2018–2020 | RCT | Tanzania | Low | Lower-middle | 136 | 19 | 14.0 | Moderate quality |
 Peter et al. (2022) [47] | 2018–2020 | RCT | Tanzania | Low | Lower-middle | 183 | 38 | 20.8 | Moderate quality |
Rwanda | |||||||||
 Nkurunziza et al. (2019) [48] | 2017 | Prospective | Rwanda | Low | Low | 550 | 60 | 10.9 | High quality |
 Akimana et al. (2021) [23] | 2020 | Prospective | Rwanda | Low | Low | 201 | 7 | 3.5 | Moderate quality |
 Velin et al. (2021) [49] | 2019–2020 | Prospective | Rwanda | Low | Low | 930 | 45 | 4.8 | High quality |
 Nkurunziza et al. (2022) [50] | 2019–2020 | Prospective | Rwanda | Low | Low | 787 | 38 | 4.8 | Moderate quality |
Burundi | |||||||||
 Chu et al. (2015) [51] | 2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Burundi | Low | Low | 318 | 33 | 10.4 | High quality |
Sierra Leone | |||||||||
 Chu et al. (2015) [51] | 2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | Sierra Leone | Low | Low | 338 | 25 | 7.4 | High quality |
 Carshon-Marsh et al. (2022) [52] | 2019–2020 | Retrospective | Sierra Leone | Low | Low | 599 | 45 | 7.5 | Moderate quality |
DR Congo | |||||||||
 Chu et al. (2015) [51] | 2010–2011 | Cross-sectional | DR Congo | Medium | Lower-middle | 620 | 35 | 5.6 | High quality |
Gambia | |||||||||
 Aulakh et al. (2017) [53] | 2014–2015 | Cross-sectional | Gambia | Low | Low | 682 | 89 | 13.0 | Moderate quality |
Egypt | |||||||||
 Gomaa et al. (2021) [7] | 2013–2017 | Retrospective | Egypt | High | Lower-middle | 15502 | 828 | 5.3 | High quality |
 Abdallah et al. (2018) [54] | 2017–2018 | Single randomized controlled study | Egypt | High | Lower-middle | 1500 | 250 | 16.7 | High quality |
 Noweir et al. (2019) [55] | Oct–Dec 2014 | Cross-sectional | Egypt | High | Lower-middle | 285 | 12 | 4.2 | Moderate quality |
Ghana | |||||||||
 Onuzo et al. (2022) [56] | 2017 | Prospective | Ghana | Medium | Lower-middle | 474 | 61 | 12.9 | Moderate quality |
Guinea | |||||||||
 Delamou et al. (2019) [57] | 2013–2015 | Retrospective | Guinea | Low | Low | 7394 | 570 | 7.7 | Low quality |
Uganda | |||||||||
 Isanga et al. (2020) [58] | 2017–2019 | Cross-sectional | Uganda | Low | Low | 359 | 54 | 15.0 | High quality |
Tunisia | |||||||||
 Merzougui et al. (2018) [59] | 2015–2016 | Prospective | Tunisia | High | Lower-middle | 636 | 32 | 5.0 | High quality |