Prevalence, trends, and maternal risk factors of adverse birth outcomes from a hospital-based birth defects surveillance system in Kampala, Uganda, 2015–2022

Table 2 Multivariable regression model of adverse birth outcomes among Singleton deliveries, Kampala, Uganda, 2015–2022

Characteristics¹	Stillbirth		Low Birth Weight		Preterm Birth		Small for Gestational Age
Characteristics¹	ARR (95% CI)	p-value	ARR (95% CI)	p-value	ARR (95% CI)	p-value	ARR (95% CI)	p-value
Maternal Age (years)
25–34	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
10–18	0.85 (0.75–0.96)	0.008	1.65 (1.51–1.81)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.38–1.50)	< 0.001	1.18 (1.12–1.24)	< 0.001
19–24	0.96 (0.90–1.02)	0.200	1.19 (1.13–1.26)	< 0.001	1.13 (1.10–1.16)	< 0.001	1.12 (1.09–1.15)	< 0.001
35 +	1.05 (0.97–1.14)	0.200	1.13 (1.04–1.23)	0.004	1.09 (1.05–1.13)	< 0.001	1.01 (0.97–1.06)	0.500
Maternal HIV Status
Negative	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Positive	1.00 (0.92–1.08)	0.900	1.54 (1.43–1.65)	< 0.001	1.18 (1.14–1.22)	< 0.001	1.28 (1.23–1.33)	< 0.001
Timing of First ANC Visit
First Trimester	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
None	3.73 (3.33–4.17)	< 0.001	1.80 (1.55–2.09)	< 0.001	2.44 (2.33–2.56)	< 0.001	1.37 (1.27–1.49)	< 0.001
Second Trimester	0.91 (0.85–0.98)	0.012	0.91 (0.85–0.97)	0.006	1.00 (0.97–1.03)	0.800	0.97 (0.94–1.00)	0.081
Third Trimester	1.09 (1.02–1.17)	0.009	1.09 (1.03–1.16)	0.004	0.83 (0.80–0.85)	< 0.001	1.26 (1.22–1.30)	< 0.001
Parity
Grand multipara (P ≥ 4)	1.0		1.0		1.0		1.0
Low multiparity(P1-3)	0.73 (0.68–0.78)	< 0.001	1.07 (0.99–1.16)	0.11	0.82 (0.80–0.85)	< 0.001	1.13 (1.08–1.17)	< 0.001
Nulliparity(P0)	0.69 (0.63–0.75)	< 0.001	1.38 (1.26–1.51)	< 0.001	0.77 (0.74–0.80)	< 0.001	1.53 (1.46–1.60)	< 0.001

¹Adjusted for maternal age, HIV status, timing of first ANC, parity, infant sex, year of delivery, mode of delivery and health facility of delivery; Infants with unknown maternal HIV status were excluded (n = 218)

ISSN: 1471-2393