Table 3 Determinants of ANC4+, unadjusted and adjusted analyses stratified by country

Sociodemographic

Age of the woman (years)

0.04

0.33

0.13

0.25

 < 21

1

1

1

1

 21–25

0.7

[0.5–1.1]

0.9

[0.8–1.1]

1.0

[0.6–1.6]

1.0

[0.9–1.1]

 26–30

0.6

[0.3–0.9]

0.8

[0.6–1.1]

0.6

[0.3–1.0]

0.9

[0.8–1 0.0]

 > 30

0.5

[0.3–0.8]

0.7

[0.5–1.0]

0.8

[0.4–1.6]

1.0

[0.9–1.1]

Ethnicity

0.36

0.22

 Bambara

1

-

-

 Malinké

0.9

[0.5–1.8]

-

-

 Fulani

0.6

[0.3–1.4]

-

-

 Sarakolé

0.7

[0.2–2.3]

-

-

 Mossi

-

1

-

 Gurunsi

-

-

0.5

[0–4]

 Other

0.7

[0.3–1.5]

0.2

[0–1.8]

Marital status

0.32

0.83

 Married

1

1

 Single

0.7

[0.4–1.3]

0.9

[0.6 − 1.3]

Women’s education

0.07

0.41

0.53

 Secondary/University

1

1

1

 No education

0.7

[0.5–1.0]

1.0

[0.8–1.2]

0.7

[0.4–1.9]

 Primary school

0.6

[0.4–0.9]

0.8

[0.7–1.1]

0.9

[0.4–1.3]

Religion

0.61

0.03

0.08

 Muslim

1

1

1

 Christian

-

0.5

[0.3–0.9]

0.9

[0.8–0.9]

 Other

0.7

[0.2–2.2]

0.3

[0.1–1.0]

0.8

[0.6–1.1]

Number of household members

0.01

0.44

0.70

 < 5

1

1

1

 5–6

0.5

[0.3–0.8]

0.8

[0.6–1.0]

1.0

[0.6–1.7]

 7–8

0.5

[0.3–0.8]

0.8

[0.6–1.0]

0.8

[0.4–1.5]

 > 8

0.6

[0.3–0.9]

0.9

[0.7–1.1]

1.0

[0.6–1.8]

Sex of the household head

0.40

0.69

 Male

1

1

 Female

0.5

[0.1 − 2.4]

1.2

[0.4–3.0]

Occupation of the household head

0.01

0.10

0.64

 Employee

1

1

1

 Farmer/Breeder

0.4

[0.2–0.8]

0.8

[0.7–1.0]

0.2

[0.4–2.0]

 Worker

0.5

[0.3–0.9]

0.8

[0.7–1.0]

0.3

[0–2.2]

 Unemployed

1.2

[0.3–3.9]

1.1

[0.8–1.5]

0.5

[0.1–2.7]

Education of the household head

< 0.01

0.12

0.37

 Secondary/University

1

1

1

 No education

0.5

[0.4–0.8]

0.8

[0.7–1.0]

0.7

[0.4–1.3]

 Primary school

0.7

[0.4–1.2]

0.9

[0.7–1.1]

1.0

[0.5–2.0]

Obstetrical history

Gravidity

0.02

0.38

0.33

 1

1

1

1

 2–3

0.6

[1.0–2.5]

0.8

[0.7–1.0]

0.8

[0.4–1.7]

 > 3

0.5

[1.1–3.1]

0.9

[0.7–1.1]

0.7

[0.3–1.2]

Stillbirth

0.01

< 0.01

0.76

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

1.7

[1.1–2.9]

1.3

[1.1–1.6]

1.0

[0.6–1.8]

Economic

Wealth index

< 0.001

0.10

0.12

0.06

 Middle

1

1

1

1

 Poorest

0.7

[0.4–1.1]

0.8

[0.7–0.9]

1.0

[0.6–1.5]

0.9

[0.9–1.0]

 Poorer

0.9

[0.6–1.4]

0.9

[0.8–1.1]

0.7

[0.4–1.3]

0.9

[0.8–1.0]

 Rich

1.3

[0.8 − 2.1]

1.0

[0.8–1.2]

1.6

[0.7–3.8]

1.0

[0.9–1.2]

 Richest

1.5

[0.9–2.4]

0.9

[0.7–1.2]

0.7

[0.4–1.4]

0.9

[0.8–1.0]

Means of transportation

0.37

0.51

 Motorbike

1

1

 Walking

1.0

[0.7–1.5]

0.6

[0.2–1.7]

 Bicycle

0.7

[0.4–12.8]

0.7

[0.3–1.9]

 Taxi/Car

0.7

[0.4– 1.8]

1.8

[0.3–9.0]

Expenses for ANC (US$)

0.68

0.27

 ≤ 2

1

1

 2.1–4

1.2

[0.8–2.0]

2.1

[0.8–5.7]

 4.1–6

0.9

[0.5–1.6]

1.1

[0.4–2.9]

 > 6

1.1

[0.7–1.7]

1.3

[0.6–2.7]

Reason not to attend ANC

ANC costs too much

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

< 0.001

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.4

[0.2–0.6]

0.6

[0.5–0.7]

0.1

[0.1–0.2]

0.5

[0.4–0.7]

No female staff

0.88

 No

1

 Yes

0.8

[0.2–3.7]

Husband/Family did not allow

0.22

 No

1

 Yes

0.7

[0.4–1.2]

Too far/No transportation

0.02

0.26

< 0.001

0.03

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.3

[0.1–0.9]

0.6

[0.3–1.3]

0.2

[0.1–0.5]

0.7

[0.5–0.9]

Considered unnecessary

0.27

0.02

0.03

 No

1

1

1

 Yes

0.7

[0.5–1.2]

0.6

[0.3–0.9]

0.8

[0.7–0.9]

Don’t trust facility/Poor quality of service

0.38

 No

1

 Yes

0.5

[0.1–2.0]

Unaccustomed to seeking ANC

0.04

0.01

< 0.01

< 0.01

 No

1

1

1

1

 Yes

0.6

[0.4–0.9]

0.7

[0.5–0.9]

0.4

[0.3–0.8]

0.8

[0.7–0.9]

Travel time to attend ANC visit

< 0.01

< 0.001

0.01

0.04

 < 1 h

1

1

1

1

 ≥ 1 h

0.5

[0.3–0.8]

0.6

[0.5–0.8]

0.6

[0.4–0.9]

0.9

[0.8 − 0.9]

Time spent at ANC visit

0.13

0.01

0.28

 < 1 h

1

1

1

 ≥ 1 h

1.2

[0.9–1.6]

1.1

[1.0–1.3]

0.7

[0.5–1.2]