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Table 1 Distribution of characteristics at delivery among Kenyan pregnant persons delivering at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, MANGO study, September 2020-November 2023

From: Associations between nighttime or weekend deliveries and adverse maternal, birth, and neonatal outcomes: secondary analysis of the MANGO study in western Kenya

Characteristics

Total neonates delivered, N (%) or median (IQR) (n = 25,911)1

Neonates delivered during weekday daytimes, N (%) or median (IQR) (n = 9697)

Neonates delivered during weekends/nighttimes, N (%) or median (IQR) (n = 16214)

Maternal characteristics

Maternal age at delivery (median, IQR)

26.5 (22.9, 31.3)

26.8 (22.9, 31.5)

26.4 (22.8, 31.1)

 Missing

54 (0.2)

15 (0.1)

39 (0.2)

Gestational age at delivery, weeks (median, IQR)

39.0 (37.0, 40.0)

39.0 (37.0, 40.0)

39 (37.0, 40.0)

 Missing

821 (3.2)

296 (3.1)

525 (3.2)

Parity (median, IQR)

1.0 (0, 2.0)

1.0 (0, 2.0)

1.0 (0, 2.0)

 0

10352 (39.9)

3686 (38.0)

6666 (41.1)

 1

7324 (28.3)

2807 (28.9)

4517 (27.8)

 2

4425 (17.1)

1736 (17.9)

2689 (16.6)

 3 or more

3795 (14.6)

1464 (15.1)

2331 (14.4)

 Missing

15 (0.1)

4 (0.04)

11 (0.1)

Gravidity (median, IQR)

2.0 (1.0, 3.0)

2.0 (1.0, 3.0)

2.0 (1.0, 3.0)

 1

9796 (37.8)

3504 (36.1)

6292 (38.8)

 2

7234 (27.9)

2727 (28.1)

4507 (27.8)

 3

4459 (17.2)

1755 (18.1)

2704 (16.7)

 4 or more

4403 (16.9)

1705 (17.6)

2698 (16.6)

 Missing

19 (0.1)

6 (0.1)

13 (0.1)

Maternal medical conditions & medical complications of pregnancy2

   

 Yes

3530 (13.6)

1363 (14.1)

2167 (13.4)

 No

22381 (86.4)

8334 (85.9)

14047 (86.6)

Obstetric complications3

   

 Yes

1247 (4.8)

442 (4.5)

805 (4.9)

 No

24664 (95.2)

9255 (95.4)

15409 (95.0)

Fetal complications4

   

 Yes

22 (0.08)

13 (0.13)

9 (0.05)

 No

25889 (99.9)

9684 (99.9)

16205 (99.9)

Alcohol use during pregnancy

   

 Yes

29 (0.10)

9 (0.10)

20 (0.12)

 No

25882 (99.9)

9688 (99.9)

16194 (99.9)

Tobacco use during pregnancy

   

 Yes

2 (0.01)

2 (0.02)

-

 No

25909 (99.9)

9695 (99.9)

16214 (100)

Maternal HIV status

   

 Positive

1011 (3.9)

367 (3.8)

644 (4.0)

 Negative

24900 (96.1)

9330 (96.2)

15570 (96.0)

Maternal transferred-in to study facility status

   

 Yes

1828 (7.0)

657 (6.8)

1171 (7.2)

 No

23981 (92.5)

8997 (92.8)

14984 (92.4)

 Missing

102 (0.4)

43 (0.4)

59 (0.4)

Neonatal characteristics

Sex of child

   

 Male

13359 (51.5)

5018 (51.7)

8341 (51.4)

 Female

12518 (48.3)

4661 (48.1)

7857 (48.5)

 Ambiguous

13 (0.05)

6 (0.06)

7 (0.04)

 Missing

21 (0.1)

12 (0.12)

9 (0.05)

Number of neonates born to each pregnant person (pregnant persons = 25247)

   

 One

24601 (97.4)

9143 (97.1)

15458 (97.7)

 Two

630 (2.5)

269 (2.9)

361 (2.3)

 Three

14 (0.05)

4 (0.04)

10 (0.1)

 Four

2 (0.01)

1 (0.01)

1 (0.01)

NICU admission

   

 Yes

1754 (6.7)

662 (6.8)

1092 (6.7)

 No

23234 (89.7)

8652 (89.2)

14582 (89.9)

 Missing

923 (3.6)

383 (3.9)

540 (3.3)

Delivery timings (primary exposure)

Nighttime (6:00 PM to 6:59 AM) delivery

   

 Yes

12605 (48.6)

–

12605 (77.7)

 No

13306 (51.3)

9697 (100)

3609 (22.3)

Weekend (Saturday or Sunday) delivery

   

 Yes

7190 (27.7)

–

7190 (44.3)

 No

18721 (72.2)

9697 (100)

9024 (55.6)

Maternal outcomes

Mode of delivery

   

 Spontaneous vaginal delivery

19501 (75.3)

7069 (72.9)

12432 (76.7)

 Spontaneous breech delivery

162 (0.6)

63 (0.6)

99 (0.6)

 Elective Cesarean delivery

384 (1.5)

296 (3.05)

88 (0.5)

 Emergency Cesarean delivery

5581 (21.5)

2155 (22.2)

3426 (21.1)

 Assisted vaginal delivery

277 (1.1)

111 (1.1)

166 (1.0)

 Missing

6 (0.02)

3 (0.03)

3 (0.02)

Prolonged labor (labor > = 20 hours)

   

 Yes

149 (0.6)

68 (0.7)

81 (0.5)

 No

2567 (9.9)

1194 (12.3)

1373 (8.5)

 Missing

23195 (89.6)

8435 (86.9)

14760 (91.0)

Postpartum hemorrhage5

   

 Yes

1233 (4.8)

454 (4.7)

779 (4.8)

 No

23770 (91.7)

8906 (91.8)

14864 (91.7)

 Missing

908 (3.5)

337 (3.5)

571 (3.5)

Maternal death at discharge

   

 No

22159 (85.5)

8031 (82.8)

14128 (87.1)

 Yes

20 (0.1)

1 (0.01)

19 (0.1)

 Missing

3732 (14.4)

1665 (17.2)

2067 (12.7)

Birth outcomes

Birth outcome

   

 Live birth

25230 (97.4)

9455 (97.5)

15775 (97.3)

 Stillbirth6

619 (2.4)

228 (2.3)

391 (2.4)

 Miscarriage/spontaneous abortion7

62 (0.2)

14 (0.1)

48 (0.3)

Preterm birth8

   

 Yes

4355 (17.2)

1696 (17.9)

2659 (16.8)

 No

20870 (82.7)

7757 (82.0)

13113 (83.1)

 Missing

5 (0.02)

2 (0.02)

3 (0.02)

Very preterm birth9

   

 Yes

764 (3.0)

310 (3.3)

454 (2.9)

 No

24461 (96.9)

9143 (96.7)

15318 (97.1)

 Missing

5 (0.02)

2 (0.02)

3 (0.02)

Small for gestational age10

   

 Yes

3851 (15.3)

1470 (15.5)

2381 (15.1)

 No

19953 (79.1)

7452 (78.8)

12501 (79.2)

 Missing

1426 (5.6)

533 (5.6)

839 (5.7)

Very small for gestational age11

   

 Yes

1959 (7.8)

725 (7.7)

1234 (7.8)

 No

21845 (86.6)

8197 (86.7)

13648 (86.5)

 Missing

1426 (5.6)

533 (5.6)

893 (5.6)

Infant birth weight, kg (median, IQR)12

3 (2.7, 3.4)

3 (2.7, 3.4)

3 (2.7, 3,4)

 Missing

59 (0.2)

27 (0.3)

32 (0.2)

Low birth weight 13

   

 Yes

3490 (13.8)

1340 (14.2)

2150 (13.6)

 No

21681 (85.9)

8088 (85.5)

13593 (86.2)

 Missing

59 (0.2)

27 (0.3)

32 (0.2)

Very low birth weight14

   

 Yes

507 (2.0)

228 (2.4)

279 (1.7)

 No

24664 (97.7)

9200 (97.3)

15464 (98.0)

 Missing

59 (0.2)

27 (0.3)

32 (0.2)

APGAR score at 1 minute (median, IQR)

9.0 (8.0, 9.0)

9.0 (8.0, 9.0)

9.0 (8.0, 9.0)

 Missing

336 (1.3)

107 (1.1)

229 (1.4)

APGAR score at 5 minutes (median, IQR)

10.0 (9.0, 10.0)

10.0 (9.0, 10.0)

10.0 (9.0, 10.0)

 Missing

343 (1.4)

112 (1.2)

231 (1.5)

Neonatal outcomes

Newborn death15

   

 Yes

165 (0.6)

65 (0.7)

100 (0.6)

 No

25065 (99.3)

9390 (96.8)

15675 (96.7)

Neonate alive at discharge16

   

 Yes

23654 (91.3)

8724 (92.3)

14930 (94.6)

 No

158 (0.6)

60 (0.6)

98 (0.6)

 Missing

1418 (5.5)

671 (7.1)

747 (4.7)

  1. Abbreviations: NICU = neonatal intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; LBW = low birth weight; SGA = small gestational age
  2. 1 A total of n = 25,911 neonates were born to a total of n = 25,247 pregnant persons, with information on unique pregnant persons conveyed in Supplementary Table 1, Additional File 1
  3. 2 Maternal medical conditions and medical complications of pregnancy consists of complications such as maternal age < 18 or > 35 years, chronic hypertension, hypertensive complications of pregnancy, including preeclampsia or eclampsia, pregnancy-induced hypertension, and gestational hypertension, anemia, asthma, diabetes, other conditions including the heart, kidney, etc.; infectious complications, such as syphilis; alcohol, tobacco, or other illicit drug use during pregnancy; negative rhesus status; peripartum complications, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, cardiomyopathy/cardiac disease, psychosis, endometritis, postpartum metritis, puerperal sepsis
  4. 3 Obstetric complications consists of prior C-section, concern for the baby, fetal distress, preterm premature rupture of membranes, premature labor, antepartum hemorrhage, bad history of poor obstetric outcomes, including recurrent pregnancy loss or previous stillbirth, cephalo-pelvic disproportion, adverse presentation of the baby (e.g., breech, footling), failed induction, multiparous/grand multiparous, placenta previa, twin or triplet pregnancy
  5. 4 Fetal complications consists of congenital abnormality of infant noted during antenatal care
  6. 5 Hemorrhage within 24 h postpartum, ≥ 500 ml for vaginal,≥ 1000 ml for c-section
  7. 6 Non-live birth with gestational age ≥ 28 weeks
  8. 7 Non-live birth with gestational age < 28 weeks
  9. 8 Live birth with a gestational age < 37 weeks
  10. 9 Live birth with a gestational age < 32 week
  11. 10 Neonate below the 10th percentile for weight for gestational age based on sex-specific intergrowth-21 standards
  12. 11 Neonate below the 3rd percentile for weight for gestational age based on sex-specific intergrowth-21 standards
  13. 12 Infant birth weight for both live births and stillbirths
  14. 13 Birth weight < 2500 g
  15. 14 Birth weight < 1500 g
  16. 15 Newborn death, defined as death ≤ 28 days or prior to discharge after live birth. Discharge is typically within 24 h after birth
  17. 16 Reflects neonate’s vital status at time of discharge, typically within 24 h after birth
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