Fig. 1

Correlation of multi-metal concentrations in urine with total cholesterol levels using BKMR model (A) The plot represents the estimated joint effects of a latent of triglyceride increase from the median between the 25th and 75th percentiles with 95% confidence intervals (CI). B Plots (blue line) show the univariate exposure–response functions with 95% CI (gray region) for exposure to each metal on total cholesterol when other metals were fixed at the median concentration. The model was adjusted for normalized age, body mass index (BMI), income, education level, and particulate matter < 2.5 μm diameter (PM2.5) concentration