Table 3 Factors associated with major depression in pregnancy among the participants

Place of residence

Gulu

Other districts

191(87.3)

28(12.7)

89(95.7)

4(4.3)

Reference

0.39(0.16–1.004)

0.051

---

---

Education level of the participant

Lower primary or none

Upper primary

O level

A level

Tertiary

21(9.2)

62(27.2)

73(32.0)

15(6.6)

57(25.0)

14(14.3)

30(30.6)

34(34.7)

11(11.2)

9(9.2)

Reference

0.82(0.49–1.35)

0.79(0.49–1.29)

1.05(0.58–1.93)

0.34(0.16–0.71)

0.425

0.360

0.856

0.004

---

---

Marital status

Not in union

In union

16(6.9)

215(93.1)

17(17.3)

81(82.7)

Reference

0.53(0.36–0.78)

0.001

---

---

Marriage type

Love marriage

Arranged marriage

183(83.9)

35(16.1)

64(75.3)

21(24.7)

Reference

1.45(0.97–2.16)

0.069

Reference

1.56(1.02–2.42)

0.042

HIV status

Negative

Positive

215(93.1)

16(6.9)

86(87.8)

12(12.2)

Reference

1.5(0.94–2.39)

0.087

---

---

Has a co wife

No

Yes

187(82.0)

41(18.0)

60(61.9)

37(38.1)

Reference

1.95(1.42–2.69)

< 0.0001

Reference

1.64(1.09–2.45)

0.016

Employment status

Not employed

Employed

118(51.1)

113(48.9)

60(61.2)

38(38.8)

Reference

0.75(0.53–1.05)

0.096

---

---

Employment status of the partner

Not employed

Employed

42(18.3)

188(81.7)

21(21.4)

77(78.6)

Reference

0.87(0.59–1.29)

0.498

---

---

Education level of the partner

Lower primary or none

Upper primary

O level

A level

Tertiary

10(4.3)

24(10.4)

62(27.0)

37(16.1)

97(42.2)

8(8.2)

4(4.1)

37(37.8)

21(21.4)

28(28.6)

Reference

0.32(0.11–0.91)

0.84(0.47–1.49)

0.81(0.44–1.51)

0.50(0.27–0.93)

0.033

0.556

0.517

0.028

---

---

Ever used contraceptive

No

Yes

93(40.6)

136(59.4)

44(45.8)

52(54.2)

Reference

0.86(0.62–1.21)

0.384

---

---

Wanted pregnancy

No

Yes

69(29.9)

162(70.1)

45(45.9)

53(54.1)

Reference

0.62(0.45–0.87)

0.005

Reference

0.53(0.35–0.81)

0.003

Pregnancy was wanted by husband

Husband or both

Wife alone

214(93.4)

15(6.6)

72(76.6)

22(23.4)

Reference

2.36(1.69–3.29)

< 0.001

---

---

Relationship with family members of the partner

Very good

Good

Poor or fair

75(32.9)

109(47.8)

44(19.3)

25(25.8)

30(30.9)

42(43.3)

Reference

0.86(0.541.37)

1.95(1.30–2.92)

0.536

0.001

---

---

Husband drinks alcohol

No

Yes

141(61.3)

89(38.7)

46(47.4)

51(52.6)

Reference

1.48(1.06–2.07)

0.021

---

---

Quartile of income

Lowest quartile

Second quartile

Third/ highest quartile

28(24.1)

32(27.6)

91(52.3)

18(42.9)

10(23.8)

14(33.3)

Reference

0.61(0.32–1.17)

0.51(0.28–0.92)

0.135

0.027

---

---

Quartile of income of the partner

Lowest quartile

Second quartile

Third/ highest quartile

47(27.0)

36(20.7)

91(52.3)

16(22.2)

32(44.4)

24(33.3)

Reference

1.85(1.13–3.04)

0.82(0.47–1.43)

0.014

0.487

Reference

2.14(1.29–3.54)

1.07(0.58–1.96)

0.003

0.836

Physical violence

Yes

No

51(22.1)

180(77.9)

40(40.8)

58(59.2)

2.6(1.91–3.49)

Reference

1.75(1.09–3.81)

Reference

0.019

Sexual violence

Yes

No

55(23.8)

176(76.2)

60(61.2)

38(38.8)

1.8(1.30–2.49)

Reference

---

---

Emotional violence

Yes

No

42(18.2)

189(81.8)

50(51.0)

48(49)

2.9(2.09–4.12)

Reference

---

---

Economical

Yes

No

119(51.5)

112(48.5)

82(83.7)

16(16.3)

2.7(1.96–3.68)

Reference

---

---

Controlling behaviours

Yes

No

20(8.7)

211(91.3)

32(32.7)

66(67.3)

3.3(2.00-5.32)

Reference

3.60(1.79–7.26)

Reference

< 0.001

Multiple GBV

Yes

No

84(36.4)

147(63.6)

70(71.4)

28(28.6)

2.8(1.94–4.16)

Reference

---

---

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

Mean (SD)

---

---

Age in years

26.19(5.23)

25.76(6.16)

0.99(0.96–1.02)

---

---

Age at first sexual intercourse (years)

17.93(2.24)

17.54(2.91)

0.96(0.89–1.03)

---

---

Age of first marriage (years)

20.41(3.43)

20.23(2.85)

0.99(0.94–1.03)

---

---

Number of children at home

1.56(1.28)

1.67(1.54)

1.04(0.91–1.19)

---

---

Week of amenorrhoea (weeks)

23.31(9.02)

22.67(8.85)

0.99(0.98–1.01)

---

---