Association of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy with left ventricle structure and function in offspring at 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study

Table 3 Associations of maternal smoking during pregnancy with cardiac structures and function in 4-year-old children

	Overall SHS exposure during pregnancy^a
	Crude Model	Model 1	Model 2
LV structure
LVIDd (mm)	0.37 (0.05, 0.69)	0.38 (0.06, 0.70)	0.35 (0.04, 0.66)
LVIDs (mm)	0.25 (0.01, 0.50)	0.28 (0.02, 0.54)	0.24 (-0.01, 0.49)
IVSd (mm)	0.01 (-0.05, 0.08)	-0.01 (-0.08, 0.06)	0.01 (-0.05, 0.08)
IVSs (mm)	0.02 (-0.10, 0.15)	0.00 (-0.13, 0.12)	0.02 (-0.11, 0.14)
LVPWd (mm)	0.01 (-0.11, 0.13)	-0.02 (-0.15, 0.10)	-0.01 (-0.14, 0.11)
LVPWs (mm)	0.00 (-0.07, 0.08)	-0.01 (-0.09, 0.06)	0.00 (-0.07, 0.08)
RWT (%)	-0.19 (-0.60, 0.22)	-0.33 (-0.76, 0.10)	-0.18 (-0.59, 0.23)
EDV (ml)	1.15 (-0.01, 2.31)	1.18 (0.01, 2.35)	1.06 (-0.08, 2.20)
ESV (ml)	0.49 (0.01, 0.97)	0.55 (0.05, 1.05)	0.47 (-0.02, 0.96)
LVMI (g/cm^2.7)	0.20 (-0.41, 0.81)	0.14 (-0.50, 0.77)	0.32 (-0.29, 0.94)
LV Function
SV (ml)	-0.23 (-1.86, 1.39)	-0.12 (-1.79, 1.54)	0.03 (-1.64, 1.69)
CO (L/min)	-0.01 (-0.16, 0.14)	0.00 (-0.16, 0.15)	0.01 (-0.15, 0.17)
LVEF (%)	-0.07 (-0.59, 0.44)	-0.14 (-0.68, 0.41)	-0.10 (-0.65, 0.46)
LVFS (%)	-0.05 (-0.45, 0.36)	-0.09 (-0.52, 0.33)	-0.07 (-0.50, 0.37)
E/A	0.01 (-0.04, 0.05)	0.00 (-0.04, 0.05)	-0.01 (-0.05, 0.04)
Tei index (%)	0.62 (-0.19, 1.43)	0.40 (-0.45, 1.25)	0.54 (-0.34, 1.42)

The beta values and 95% CI derived from the multiple linear regression models are presented in the table. Bold: P < 0.05; #: FDR < 0.05
Model 1: Adjusted for maternal age, income, educational level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, gender of children and postnatal SHS exposure
Model 2: Model 2 additionaly adjusted for birthweight and BMI at 4 years old
LV Left ventricle, LVIDd LV internal diameter in diastole, LVIDs LV internal diameter in systole, IVSs Interventricular septal thickness in systole, IVSd Interventricular septal thickness in diastole, LVPWs LV posterior wall thickness in systole, LVPWd LV posterior wall thickness in diastole, EDV End diastolic volume, ESV End systolic volume, IVSd Interventricular septal thickness in diastole, IVSs Interventricular septal thickness in systole, RWT Relative wall thickness, LVMI LV mass index, SV Stroke volume, CO Cardiac output, LVEF LV Ejection fraction, LVFS LV fractional shortening
^aReference category are mothers with no SHS exposure during pregnancy

ISSN: 1471-2393