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Table 4 Associations of maternal smoking during different stages of pregnancy with cardiac structures and function in 4-year-old children

From: Association of secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy with left ventricle structure and function in offspring at 4 years old: a prospective birth cohort study

 

Maternal passive smoking during early pregnancya

Maternal passive smoking during mid/late pregnancya

 

Crude Model

Model 1

Model 2

Crude Model

Model 1

Model 2

LV structure

      

LVIDd (mm)

0.40 (0.08, 0.73)

0.46 (0.14, 0.79)#

0.42 (0.10, 0.73)

-0.30 (-0.66, 0.05)

-0.30 (-0.65, 0.05)

-0.26 (-0.60, 0.09)

LVIDs (mm)

0.29 (0.04, 0.54)

0.35 (0.09, 0.60)#

0.26 (0.01, 0.52)

-0.17 (-0.45, 0.10)

-0.15 (-0.43, 0.13)

-0.12 (-0.40, 0.15)

IVSd (mm)

0.01 (-0.06, 0.07)

-0.01 (-0.08, 0.06)

0.00 (-0.06, 0.07)

0.02 (-0.06, 0.09)

-0.01 (-0.08, 0.07)

0.02 (-0.05, 0.10)

IVSs (mm)

0.03 (-0.09, 0.16)

0.01 (-0.11, 0.14)

0.02 (-0.11, 0.15)

-0.04 (-0.17, 0.10)

-0.08 (-0.21, 0.06)

-0.05 (-0.19, 0.09)

LVPWd (mm)

0.03 (-0.09, 0.15)

0.01 (-0.12, 0.13)

0.01 (-0.11, 0.14)

-0.02 (-0.16, 0.11)

-0.07 (-0.21, 0.07)

-0.02 (-0.16, 0.12)

LVPWs (mm)

-0.01 (-0.09, 0.06)

-0.03 (-0.10, 0.05)

-0.02 (-0.10, 0.06)

0.01 (-0.07, 0.09)

-0.01 (-0.10, 0.07)

0.02 (-0.06, 0.10)

RWT (%)

-0.28 (-0.70, 0.13)

-0.43 (-0.87, 0.00)

-0.33 (-0.74, 0.09)

0.25 (-0.21, 0.70)

0.10 (-0.37, 0.57)

0.28 (-0.17, 0.73)

EDV (ml)

1.27 (0.10, 2.44)

1.45 (0.26, 2.63)

1.27 (0.11, 2.42)

-1.14 (-2.42, 0.14)

-1.15 (-2.43, 0.12)

-0.99 (-2.25, 0.27)

ESV (ml)

0.57 (0.08, 1.06)

0.68 (0.18, 1.19)#

0.52 (0.02, 1.02)

-0.39 (-0.93, 0.14)

-0.34 (-0.89, 0.20)

-0.28 (-0.82, 0.26)

LVMI (g/cm2.7)

0.27 (-0.34, 0.89)

0.27 (-0.37, 0.91)

0.37 (-0.25, 1.00)

-0.17 (-0.85, 0.51)

-0.27 (-0.96, 0.43)

0.00 (-0.68, 0.69)

LV Function

      

SV (ml)

-0.67 (-2.31, 0.97)

-0.56 (-2.24, 1.13)

-0.61 (-2.30, 1.07)

-0.73 (-2.52, 1.07)

-0.44 (-2.25, 1.37)

0.43 (-1.40, 2.26)

CO (L/min)

-0.08 (-0.23, 0.08)

-0.07 (-0.23, 0.08)

-0.08 (-0.24, 0.08)

0.01 (-0.16, 0.17)

0.04 (-0.12, 0.21)

0.11 (-0.06, 0.29)

LVEF (%)

-0.10 (-0.62, 0.43)

-0.17 (-0.72, 0.38)

-0.04 (-0.60, 0.53)

-0.03 (-0.60, 0.54)

-0.09 (-0.68, 0.51)

-0.16 (-0.77, 0.45)

LVFS (%)

-0.06 (-0.47, 0.35)

-0.11 (-0.54, 0.32)

0.00 (-0.44, 0.44)

-0.09 (-0.54, 0.36)

-0.12 (-0.59, 0.34)

-0.19 (-0.67, 0.29)

E/A

0.03 (-0.02, 0.07)

0.03 (-0.02, 0.07)

0.02 (-0.03, 0.06)

-0.01 (-0.06, 0.04)

-0.02 (-0.07, 0.03)

-0.03 (-0.08, 0.02)

Tei index (%)

0.65 (-0.17, 1.47)

0.40 (-0.47, 1.26)

0.55 (-0.34, 1.45)

-0.08 (-0.98, 0.82)

-0.23 (-1.16, 0.70)

-0.10 (-1.07, 0.88)

  1. The beta values and 95% CI derived from the multiple linear regression models are presented in the table. Bold: P < 0.05; #: FDR < 0.05
  2. Model 1: Adjusted for maternal age, income, educational level, pre-pregnancy body mass index, gender of children and postnatal SHS exposure
  3. Model 2: Model 2 additionaly adjusted for birthweight and BMI at 4 years old
  4. LV Left ventricle, LVIDd LV internal diameter in diastole, LVIDs LV internal diameter in systole, IVSs Interventricular septal thickness in systole, IVSd Interventricular septal thickness in diastole, LVPWs LV posterior wall thickness in systole, LVPWd LV posterior wall thickness in diastole, EDV End diastolic volume, ESV End systolic volume, IVSd Interventricular septal thickness in diastole, IVSs Interventricular septal thickness in systole, RWT Relative wall thickness, LVMI LV mass index, SV Stroke volume, CO Cardiac output, LVEF LV Ejection fraction, LVFS LV fractional shortening
  5. aReference category are mothers with no SHS exposure at each period
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BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth

ISSN: 1471-2393

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