Table 1 Cohort characteristics by prenatal care groups

Cohort Sample M (%)

430,383

3,429

(0.8%)

366,111 (85.1%)

48,981 (11.4%)

11,862

(2.8%)

Race

 White

343,497 (79.8%)

1,551

(45.2%)

298,083 (81.4%)

35,438 (72.4%)

8,424

(71.0%)

 Black

33,539

(7.8%)

830

(24.2%)

26,238

(7.2%)

5,369

(11.0%)

1,102

(9.3%)

 Other/Multiple Race

30,916

(7.2%)

814

(23.7%)

23,237

(6.3%)

5,819

(11.9%)

1,046

(8.8%)

 Asian

17,546

(4.1%)

17

(0.5%)

15,337

(4.2%)

1,237

(2.5%)

955

(8.1%)

 American Indian

4,325

(1.0%)

217

(6.3%)

2,750

(0.8%)

1,031

(2.1%)

327

(2.8%)

 Hawaiian/Pacific Islander

560

(0.1%)

0

(0.0%)

466

(0.1%)

86

(0.2%)

7

(0.1%)

 Ethnicity (Hispanic)

74,917 (17.5%)

667

(20.7%)

58,948 (16.2%)

12,591 (25.8%)

2,711

(23.0%)

Maternal Education

 Less than HS/No diploma

29,846

(6.9%)

786

(22.9%)

19,575

(5.3%)

7,861

(16.1%)

1,623

(13.7%)

 High School Graduation/GED

100,115 (23.3%)

1,134

(33.1%)

81,894 (22.4%)

13,457 (27.5%)

3,630

(30.6%)

 Some College/no degree

101,997 (23.7%)

809

(23.6%)

86,027 (23.5%)

11,897 (24.3%)

3,264

(27.5%)

 Bachelors/Masters/Doctorate

198,425 (46.1%)

700

(20.4%)

178,615 (48.8%)

15,765 (32.2%)

3,345

(28.2%)

Marital Status

 Married

296,934 (69.0%)

1,355

(39.5%)

259,470 (70.9%)

29,405 (60.0%)

6,705

(56.5%)

 Other

133,450 (31.0%)

2,075

(60.5%)

106,642 (29.1%)

19,576 (40.0%)

5,157

(43.5%)

Income

 0 - $24,000

82,057 (19.1%)

1,393

(40.6%)

61,359 (16.8%)

15,078 (30.8%)

4,226

(35.6%)

 $24,001 – $48,000

81,848 (19.0%)

580

(16.9%)

66,661 (18.2%)

10,645 (21.7%)

3,962

(33.4%)

 $48,001 – $73,000

70,466 (16.4%)

340

(9.9%)

60,736 (16.6%)

8,122

(16.6%)

1,268

(10.7%)

 $73,001 +

196,012 (45.5%)

1,115

(32.5%)

177,356 (48.4%)

15,135 (30.9%)

2,405

(20.3%)

Delivery Type

 Vaginal

298,133 (69.3%)

2,448

(71.4%)

253,019 (69.1%)

34,371 (70.2%)

8,295

(69.9%)

 Primary Cesarian

74,540 (17.3%)

548

(16.0%)

64,960 (17.7%)

7,408

(15.1%)

1,624

(13.7%)

 Repeat Cesarian

44,934 (10.4%)

318

(9.3%)

37,532 (10.3%)

5,369

(11.0%)

1,714

(14.5%)

 Vaginal Delivery after Cesarian

12,777

(3.0%)

115

(3.4%)

10,600

(2.9%)

1,833

(3.7%)

229

(1.9%)

 Previous Preterm Birth

19,948

(4.6%)

36

(1.0%)

16,763

(4.6%)

2,602

(5.3%)

547

(4.6%)

Social Determinates

 Current Living Situation

  Steady place to live

404,990 (94.1%)

2,478

(72.3%)

348,354 (95.1%)

44,083 (90.0%)

10,075 (84.9%)

  Place to live but worried about losing it

20,446

(4.8%)

702

(20.5%)

14,985

(4.1%)

3,943

(8.0%)

816

(6.9%)

  No steady place to live

4,948

(1.1%)

249

(7.3%)

2,773

(0.8%)

955

(2.0%)

971

(8.2%)

 Geographic Region

  Urban

371,405 (86.3%)

2,956

(86.2%)

315,953 (86.3%)

42,548 (86.9%)

9,948

(83.9%)

  Rural

58,979 (13.7%)

474

(13.8%)

50,159 (13.7%)

6,433

(13.1%)

1,913

(16.1%)

Abuse During Pregnancy (yes)

4,302 (1.0%)

262

(7.6%)

3,462 (0.9%)

463 (0.9%)

115 (1.0%)

Difficulty paying rent/mortgage M (SD)^a

1.162

(0.368)

1.329

(0.474)

1.151

(0.358)

1.216

(0.411)

1.215

(0.412)

Food Insecure (food did not last) M (SD)^b

4.580

(0.843)

4.101

(0.867)

4.609

(0.828)

4.462

(0.865)

4.303

(1.045)