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Table 2 Bivariate relationships between infant & maternal outcomes and SDOH

From: The impact of social determinants of health on infant and maternal health using a reproductive justice lens

Infant Outcomes

 

Admission to NICUa

(n, %)

Breast Feed Evera

(n, %)

Gestational Age at Birth (weeks)b

(M, SD)

 

No

Yes

No

Yes

 

N

391,566 (91.0%)

38,817 (9.0%)

35,051 (8.1%)

395,332 (91.9%)

38.5 (1.7)

Maternal Education

p =.19

p <.01

p <.01

 Less than HS/No diploma

27,538 (7.0%)

2,308 (5.9%)

5,464 (15.6%)

24,382 (6.2%)

38.4 (1.88)

 High School Graduation/GED

90,002 (23.0%)

10,113 (26.1%)

11,321 (32.3%)

88,794 (22.5%)

38.5 (1.81)

 Some College/no degree

91,966 (23.5%)

10,032 (25.8%)

8,644 (24.7%)

93,354 (23.6%)

38.4 (1.79)

 Bachelors/Masters/Doctorate

182,060 (46.5%)

16,365 (42.2%)

9,622 (27.5%)

188,803 (47.8%)

38.6 (1.55)

Timing of First Prenatal Care Visit

p =.10

p <.01

p =.07

 No prenatal care

2,775 (0.7%)

654 (1.7%)

738 (2.1%)

2,691 (0.7%)

37.5 (2.84)

 1 st Trimester

332,741 (85.0%)

33,370 (86.0%)

27,801 (79.3%)

338,310 (85.6%)

38.5 (1.70)

 2nd Trimester

45,350 (11.6%)

3,631 (9.4%)

5,578 (15.9%)

43,403 (11.0%)

38.7 (1.60)

 3rd Trimester

10,700 (2.7%)

1,162 (3.0%)

933 (2.7%)

10,928 (2.8%)

38.5 (1.55)

Current Living Situation

p =.31

p <.01

p =.82

 Steady place to live

369,189 (94.3%)

35,801 (92.2%)

31,284 (89.3%)

373,706 (94.5%)

38.5 (1.69)

 Place to live but worried about losing it

18,028 (4.6%)

2,417 (6.2%)

3,048 (8.7%)

17,398 (4.4%)

38.6 (1.78)

 No steady place to live

4,349 (1.1%)

599 (1.5%)

719 (2.1%)

4,229 (1.1%)

38.6 (1.74)

Neighborhood

p =.04

p =.22

p =.87

 Urban

337,046 (86.1%)

34,358 (88.5%)

29,342 (83.7%)

342,063 (86.5%)

38.6 (1.70)

 Rural

54,520 (13.9%)

4,459 (11.5%)

5,709 (16.3%)

53,270 (13.5%)

38.5 (1.65)

Abuse during pregnancy

p =.01

p =.91

p =.03

 No

388,181 (99.1%)

37,901 (97.6%)

34,681 (98.9%)

391,400 (99.0%)

38.6 (1.7)

 Yes

3,385 (0.9%)

917 (2.4%)

370 (1.1%)

3,932 (1.0%)

37.8 (2.3)

Difficulty paying rent/mortgage

p =.04

p <.01

p <.01

 No

329,633 (84.2%)

31,158 (80.3%)

27,116 (77.4%)

333,675 (84.4%)

38.6 (1.66)

 Yes

61,933 (15.8%)

7,659 (19.7%)

7,935 (22.6%)

61,658 (15.6%)

38.3 (1.85)

Food Securityc

p =.04

p <.01

p <.01

 

4.6 (0.8)

4.5 (0.9)

4.4 (1.0)

4.6 (0.8)

a.

Maternal Outcomes

 

Gestational Diabetesa

(n, %)

Gestational Hypertension a

(n, %)

 
 

No

Yes

No

Yes

 

N

392,427 (91.2%)

37,957 (8.8%)

386,085 (89.7%)

44,299 (10.3%)

 

Maternal Education

p =.24

p =.56

 

 Less than HS/No diploma

26,872 (7.0%)

2,974 (6.7%)

26,872 (7.0%)

2,974 (6.7%)

 

 High School Graduation/GED

90,016 (23.3%)

10,099 (22.8%)

90,016 (23.3%)

10,099 (22.8%)

 

 Some College/no degree

90,220 (23.4%)

11,778 (26.6%)

90,220 (23.4%)

11,778 (26.6%)

 

 Bachelors/Masters/Doctorate

178,977 (46.4%)

19,448 (43.9%)

178,977 (46.4%)

19,448 (43.9%)

 

Timing of First Prenatal Care Visit

p =.11

p =.49

 

 No prenatal care

3,298 (0.8%)

131 (0.3%)

3,108 (0.8%)

321 (0.7%)

 

 1 st Trimester

333,959 (85.1%)

32,152 (84.7%)

327,367 (84.8%)

38,744 (87.5%)

 

 2nd Trimester

45,110 (11.5%)

3,871 (10.2%)

44,571 (11.5%)

4,410 (10.0%)

 

 3rd Trimester

10,059 (2.6%)

1,803 (4.7%)

11,039 (2.9%)

822 (1.9%)

 

Previous preterm births

p =.14

p =.01

 

 No

374,826 (95.5%)

35,609 (93.8%)

369,412 (95.7%)

41,023 (92.6%)

 

 Yes

17,601 (4.5%)

2,348 (6.2%)

16,673 (4.3%)

3,276 (7.4%)

 

Social Determinants

Current Living Situation

p <.01

p <.01

 

 Steady place to live

368,018 (93.8%)

36,972 (97.4%)

362,059 (93.8%)

42,930 (96.9%)

 

 Place to live but worried about losing it

19,545 (5.0%)

900 (2.4%)

19,260 (5.0%)

1,186 (2.7%)

 

 No steady place to live

4,864 (1.2%)

85 (0.2%)

4,766 (1.2%)

183 (0.4%)

 

Geographic Region

p =.54

p =.02

 

 Urban

338,251 (86.2%)

33,153 (87.3%)

331,372 (85.8%)

40,032 (90.4%)

 

 Rural

54,175 (13.8%)

4,804 (12.7%)

54,713 (14.2%)

4,266 (9.6%)

 

Abuse during pregnancy

p =.54

p =.26

 

 No

388,369 (99.0%)

37,712 (99.4%)

382,458 (99.1%)

43,624 (98.5%)

 

 Yes

4,057 (1.0%)

245 (0.6%)

3,627 (0.9%)

675 (1.5%)

 

Difficulty paying rent/mortgage

p =.85

p =.86

 

 No

329,110 (83.9%)

31,681 (83.5%)

323,795 (83.9%)

36,996 (83.5%)

 

 Yes

63,316 (16.1%)

6,276 (16.5%)

62,290 (16.1%)

7,302 (16.5%)

 

Food Securityc

p =.69

p =.88

 
 

4.6 (0.8)

4.6 (0.8)

4.6 (0.8)

4.6 (0.9)

 
  1. a. Summary statistics not provided as Food Security and Gestational Weeks are both continuous variables
  2. aChi-square tests
  3. bLinear regression
  4. cMeans and SDs presented, 5-point Likert-scale with lower scores indicate less food security (food insecurity)
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